STEM - Rutherford - Baldago, Joanna G.

CHEMISTRY
TOPICS 1 4 Fundamental Forces
2 What is Radioactivity?
3 Who discovered Radioactivity?
4 Nuclear Reaction
5 Nuclear Decay
4 Fundamental Forces
Gravitational Electromagnetic Weak Nuclear Strong Nuclear Forces

Forces Force Forces
The force of gravity, or
A type of physical A fundamental force of A fundamental interaction of nature that
gravitational force, pulls objects
interaction that occurs nature that underlies some acts between subatomic particles of
with mass toward each other. We between electrically forms of radioactivity, matter. The strong force binds quarks
often think about the force of charged particles. It acts governs the decay of together in clusters to make more-
gravity from Earth. This force is between charged unstable subatomic familiar subatomic particles, such as
what keeps your body on the particles and is the particles such as mesons, protons and neutrons. It also holds
ground. But any object with mass combination of all and initiates the nuclear together the atomic nucleus and
exerts a gravitational force on all magnetic and electrical fusion reaction that fuels underlies interactions between all
other objects with mass. forces. the Sun. particles containing quarks.
HOW DO FORCES WORK IN A LARGE NUCLEUS?
Electric forces try to break the nucleus

apart, while the strong nuclear force tries
to bind the nucleus together. In larger
atoms, the electric force of repulsion may
break the nucleus apart, resulting in a
form of radiation called alpha decay.
RADIOACTIVITY?
WHAT IS RADIOACTIVITY?
Radioactivity is the release of

energy from the decay of the
nuclei of certain kinds of
atoms and isotopes.
WHAT MAKES NUCLEI UNSTABLE?
When the atoms of an element

have extra neutrons or protons
it creates extra energy in the
nucleus and causes the atom to
become unbalanced or
unstable.
RADIOACTIVITY?
Antoine Henri Bacquerel
• French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his

investigations of uranium and other substances. In 1903 he
shared the Nobel for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie.
• He hypothesized that the uranium would absorb light and reemit it

as x-rays. He put the uranium on photographic plates. He
developed the plates and observed that the uranium had, in fact,
emitting radiation similar to x-rays.
• French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and
radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie
Skłodowska–Curie, and Henri Becquerel, “in recognition of the extraordinary
services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena
discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel
• He and Marie discovered radium and polonium in their

Pierre Curie investigation of radioactivity.
Marie Curie
• Polish and naturalised- French physicist and chemist who conducted

pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first women to win the
Noble Prize, the first person to win a Noble Prize twice and the only
person to win a Nobel Prize in two scientific fields.
• She suggested that the powerful rays, or energy, the

polonium and radium gave off were actually particles from
tiny atoms that were disintegrating inside the elements.
REACTION
NUCLEAR EQUATION
• Changes of nuclei that results in changes in their atomic numbers,
mass numbers, or energy states are nuclear reaction. To describe a
nuclear reaction, we use an equation that identifies the nuclides
involved in the reaction, their mass numbers and atomic numbers, and
the other particles involved in the reaction.
NUCLEAR EQUATION
2 KINDS OF NUCLEAR
EQUATION
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR DECAY TRANSMUTATION
• Occurs when the nucleus of an atom is unstable and

spontaneously emits energy in the form of radiation. The • Explained atomic spectra with precision
result is that the nucleus changes into the nucleus of one or • Introduced the concept of quantized energy levels
more other elements. These daughter nuclei have a lower • Bridged classical physics with emerging quantum
mass and are more stable (lower in energy) than the parent mechanics
nucleus.
NUCLEAR PARTICLES
NUCLEAR
TRANSMUTATION
• Transmutations or nuclear transmutation is a process that
involves a change in the nucleus of an atom. When the number
of protons in the nucleus of an atom changes, the identity of
that atom changes as it is turned into another element or
isotope.
DECAY
ALPHA DECAY
a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha
particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or ‘decays’ into a different
atomic nucleus, with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic
number that is reduced by two.
BETA DECAY
A radioactive decay in which a beta ray is emitted from an atomic nucleus.
During beta decay, the proton in the nucleus is transformed into a neutron
and vice versa. If a proton is converted to a neutron, it is known as β+ decay.
Similarly, if a neutron is converted to a proton, it is known as β– decay.
ELECTRON
CAPTURE
process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom
absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shells.
This process thereby changes a nuclear proton to a neutron and
simultaneously causes the emission of an electron neutrino.
POSITRON
EMISSION
A proton in the parent nucleus decays into a neutron that remains in the
daughter nucleus, and the nucleus emits a neutrino and a positron, which is a
positive particle like an ordinary electron in mass but of opposite charge.
GAMMA
EMISSION
Any type of excited state may transfer its energy directly to any electrons,
but most probably to one of the K shell electrons of the atom, causing it to
be ejected from that atom.

STEM - Rutherford - Baldago, Joanna G.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STEM - Rutherford - Baldago, Joanna G.

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

STEM - Rutherford - Baldago, Joanna G.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHEMISTRY

TOPICS 1 4 Fundamental Forces

3 Who discovered Radioactivity?

Gravitational Electromagnetic Weak Nuclear Strong Nuclear Forces

Electric forces try to break the nucleus

Radioactivity is the release of

When the atoms of an element

• French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his

• He hypothesized that the uranium would absorb light and reemit it

• He and Marie discovered radium and polonium in their

• Polish and naturalised- French physicist and chemist who conducted

• She suggested that the powerful rays, or energy, the

• Occurs when the nucleus of an atom is unstable and

You might also like