Matter, Energy, and

Measurement
Lessons:
• Matter
• States
• Properties

• Scientific method
• Measurements
• Length
• Volume
• Mass
• Time
• Temperature

• Density, Specific gravity and

Energy
Name a Chemical (What is chemistry?)
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes space.
Properties
1. Physical – Properties that do not involve chemical reactions.
◦ Intensive property – Do not depend on the amount of substance being measured.
◦ Extensive property – Depend on the amount of substance measured.

2. Chemical – Reasons of chemical reactions.

Scientific Method
 An orderly way in solving problems. (used solely on testing theories)
Law – Idea or concept proven to be true
Theory – Idea or concept not yet proven to be true but is believed by many as
true.
Fact – Statement based on direct experience.
Hypothesis – statement that is proposed without actual proof, to explain a set of
facts and their relationship.
How do scientist Report numbers? –
Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation
 is a short hand writing of a very small and a very large number, also known as
exponential notation.
 composed of three parts: Coefficient (significant number), base (x10) and
exponent (Times the decimal point was moved; can either be positive or
negative).
 example:
Significant Figures
number of digits of a measured number that have uncertainty only in the last digit.

Determining the number of Significant Figures.

1. Nonzero digits are always significant.
2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are NEVER significant.
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are ALWAYS significant.
4. Zeros at the end of a number that contains a DECIMAL POINT are ALWAYS significant.
5. Zeros at the end of a number that contains NO DECIMAL POINT may or may not be significant.
A. Multiplication & Division
The FINAL ANSWER should have the SAME number of significant figures as there are in the
number with the FEWEST significant figures.

Example:
1.) 3.6 x 4.27 = 15
2.) 0.004 x 217.38 = 0.9
3.) 42.1 / 3.695 = 11.4
4.) 0.30652 x 138 / 2.1 = 2.0x10
B. Addition & Subtraction
The FINAL ANSWER id given to the SAME NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES as the term with the
fewest decimal places.

Example:
320.084 14.26
80. 47 -1.05041
200.23 13.21
__20.0__
620.8
C. Rounding Off
If the first digit dropped is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, we RAISE the LAST DIGIT kept to the next number;
otherwise we do not.
Examples:
In each case, drop the last two digits:
Given Answer
33.679
2.4715
1.1145
0.001309
3.52
D. Counted or Defines Numbers
Counting of significant numbers on the final answer are applied on MEASURED numbers and
NOT to any numbers that are COUNTED or DEFINED (we treat theses numbers as infinite).
Example:
We multiply 53.692 (measured number) x 6 (a counted number)
=322.15

Since, 6 is accounted number. We can say that 53.692 is the number with the fewest significant
figure, thus to be followed in writing the final answer.
Why do we make Measurements

MEASUREME
NTS?
Physical quantities of matter that we
measure.
English System Metric System
a. Length
b. Volume
c. Mass
d. Time
e. Temperature Inches, mile, Meter, liters,
quarts etc. grams etc.
Measurement (composed of a number and a unit)
ENGLISH SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

Also known as British Imperial System  now improved and called as SI

(International System of Units)
 Traditional System until the adoption of
metric system (1965)  A system of units of measurements in
which the divisions to subunits are made by a
Examples power of 10.
Length Some Base units in Metric System
5280 feet 1 mile Length Meter (m)
1760 yards 1 mile Volume Liter (L)
3 feet 1 yard Mass Gram (g)
12 inches 1 foot Time Seconds (s)
Most common metric prefixes
Prefix Symbol Value
giga G
mega M
kilo k
deci d
centi c
milli m
micro μ
nano n
pico p
a. Length
ENGLISH SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

Have different units in terms of length. Below  base unit is meters (m)
are some of the English units of measurement.

Length Length
5280 ft 1 mile 1 in 2.54 cm
1760 yds 1 mile 1m 39.37 in
3 ft 1 yd 1 mile 1.609 km
12 in 1 ft
b. Volume – is space
ENGLISH SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

 base unit liter (L)

Volume
1 qt 0.946 L
1 gal 3.785 L
1L 33.81 fl oz
1 fl oz 29.57 mL
1L 1.057 qt
c. Mass – quantity of matter in an object
ENGLISH SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

 base unit is grams (g)

Mass
1 oz 28.35 g
1 lb 453.6 g
1 kg 2.205 lb
1g 15.43 grains
Click icon to add picture Attach a picture of proper doses accdg to mass.

Drug Dosage and Body Mass

Chemical connections 1A
 THE ONLY

d. Time
QUANTITY FOR
WHICH THE UNITS
ARE THE SAME IN
ALL SYSTEMS.
 Temperature Equations
Fahrenheit

Celsius e. Temperature

Kelvin K = + 273.15
 • Identify the desired
1 unit and given unit
Factor-label
Method • Look for appropriate
A Procedure in which equations are
set up so that all the unwanted units
cancel, and only desired units remain. 2 conversion factors

• Cancel unnecessary
3 units and compute
Let’s Convert!
Conversion factors – the ratio of two different
units.
Example:
381 g  lb
46 cm  m
2.205 qt  mL
64 hrs  days
45 °C  °F
205 °F  K
States of matter Matter
And Derived Units

Solid Liquid Gas

incompressible Slightly compressible No definite volume and shape
Density
Mass per unit volume.

Sample problems:
1. If 73.2 mL of a liquid has a mass of 61.5 g, what is the
density in g/mL?
2. The density of titatium is 4.54 g/mL. What is the mass, in
grams of 17.3 mL of titanium?
Specific Gravity

Numerically the same as density, but it has no units

(dimensionless)

Density of a material in comparison with the density of water.

Law of
Conservation of Capacity to
Energy Energy
do work
Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed

Kinetic Potential
energy (KE) Energy
  one form of energy that is particularly
important in chemistry.
energy that most frequently accompanies
chemical reactions.
Heat
Units of heat:
Calorie (cal) Joule (J)
1 cal = 4.184 J
 Specific Heat (SH)
 amount of heat Substance Specific heat Substance Specific heat
(cal/g . °C) (cal/g . °C)
necessary to raise Water 1.00 Wood (typical) 0.42
the temperature.
Ice 0.48 Glass (typical) 0.22
 Each substance Steam 0.48 Rock (typical) 0.20
has its own Iron 0.11 Ethanol 0.59
specific heat, Aluminum 0.22 Methanol 0.61
which is a physical
Copper 0.092 Ether 0.56
property of that
Lead 0.031 Carbon 0.21
substance. tetrachloride
SH sample problems:
1. How many calories are required to heat 352 g of water from 23 °C to 95 °C?

2. How many calories are required to heat 731 g of water from 8° C to 74° C?
SH sample problems:
3. If we add 450. cal of heat to 37 g of ethanol at 20°C, what is the final temperature?

4. A 100 g piece of iron at 25 °C is heated by adding 230. cal. What will be the final
temperature?
 SH sample problems:
5. We heat 50.0 g of an unknown substance by adding 205 cal, and its temperature rises by 4.0 °C.
What is the specific heat?

6. It required 88.2 cal to heat 13.4 g of an unknown substance from 23°C to 176 °C. What is the
specific heat of the unknown substance?
Hypothermia
and
Hyperthomia
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 1 B
Cold Compresses, Waterbeds and Lakes
Chemical Connections 1 C
 Discussion
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