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    Sources of Knowledge

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    Mehran Asim
    The major sources of knowledge are experience, authority, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and the scientific approach. Experience provides knowledge through direct observation, but different people may interpret the same experience differently. Authority is knowledge from experts, but authorities can be wrong or disagree. Deductive reasoning uses logic to draw conclusions from general statements, but cannot prove universal truths. Inductive reasoning draws conclusions from specific observations, but observations are never complete. The scientific approach uses hypotheses to systematically test relationships between variables through observation.

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    Sources of Knowledge

    Uploaded by

    Mehran Asim
    16 views13 pages
    The major sources of knowledge are experience, authority, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and the scientific approach. Experience provides knowledge through direct observation, but different people may interpret the same experience differently. Authority is knowledge from experts, but authorities can be wrong or disagree. Deductive reasoning uses logic to draw conclusions from general statements, but cannot prove universal truths. Inductive reasoning draws conclusions from specific observations, but observations are never complete. The scientific approach uses hypotheses to systematically test relationships between variables through observation.

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    Sources of Knowledge (1)

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    The major sources of knowledge are experience, authority, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and the scientific approach. Experience provides knowledge through direct observation, but different people may interpret the same experience differently. Authority is knowledge from experts, but authorities can be wrong or disagree. Deductive reasoning uses logic to draw conclusions from general statements, but cannot prove universal truths. Inductive reasoning draws conclusions from specific observations, but observations are never complete. The scientific approach uses hypotheses to systematically test relationships between variables through observation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views13 pages

    Sources of Knowledge

    Uploaded by

    Mehran Asim
    The major sources of knowledge are experience, authority, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and the scientific approach. Experience provides knowledge through direct observation, but different people may interpret the same experience differently. Authority is knowledge from experts, but authorities can be wrong or disagree. Deductive reasoning uses logic to draw conclusions from general statements, but cannot prove universal truths. Inductive reasoning draws conclusions from specific observations, but observations are never complete. The scientific approach uses hypotheses to systematically test relationships between variables through observation.

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    of 13

    Sources of knowledge

    • The major sources of knowledge can be


    categorized under five headings:
    • (1) experience
    • (2) authority,
    • (3) deductive reasoning
    • (4) inductive reasoning
    • (5) the scientific approach.
    Experience
    Experience is a familiar and well-used source of knowledge.
    . By personal experience, you can find the answers to many of the
    questions you face.
    • Much wisdom passed from generation to generation is the result of
    experience
    • In fact, this ability to learn from experience is a prime characteristic
    of intelligent behavior.
    Limitations
    Experience has limitations as a source of knowledge. Two people will
    have very different experiences in the same situation.
    Example:Two supervisors observing the same classroom at the same
    time could truthfully compile very different reports if one focused on
    and reported the things that went right and the other focused on and
    reported the things that went wrong.
    Authority
    • For things difficult or impossible to know by
    personal experience, people frequently turn
    to an authority; that is, they seek knowledge
    from someone who has had experience with
    the problem or has some other source of
    expertise. People accept as truth the word of
    recognized authorities.
    Examples
    • We go to a physician with health questions or to
    a stockbroker with questions about investments.
    • A student can look up the accepted
    pronunciation of a word in a dictionary
    • A beginning teacher asks an experienced one for
    suggestions and may try a certain technique for
    teaching reading because the teacher with
    experience suggests that it is effective.
    Short comings
    • First, authorities can be wrong. People often
    claim to be experts in a field when they do not
    really have the knowledge to back up the
    claim.
    • Second, you may find that authorities
    disagree among themselves on issues,
    indicating that their authoritative statements
    are often more personal opinion than fact.
    DEDUCTIVE REASONING
    • A thinking process in which one proceeds from
    general to specific knowledge through logical
    argument.
    • Example
    • For example, “All men are mortal”
    • “The king is a man”
    • “Therefore, the king is mortal” (conclusion).
    Limitations
    you cannot conduct scientific inquiry through
    deductive reasoning alone because it is
    difficult to establish the universal truth of
    many statements dealing with scientific
    phenomena.
    Deductive reasoning can organize what people
    already know and can point out new
    relationships as you proceed from the general
    to the specified
    INDUCTIVE REASONING
    From specific to general
    Deductive: Every mammal has lungs.
    • All rabbits are mammals.
    • Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.
    Inductive: Every rabbit that has ever been
    observed has lungs.
    Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.
    Limitation
    • In the preceding example, to be absolutely
    sure that every rabbit has lungs, the
    investigator would have to have observations
    on all rabbits currently alive, as well as all past
    and future rabbits. Clearly, this is not feasible;
    you generally must rely on imperfect induction
    based on incomplete observation.
    THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
    • In the 19th century, scholars began to integrate the most
    important aspects of the inductive and deductive
    methods into a new technique, namely the inductive –
    deductive method, or the scientific approach.
    • This approach differs from inductive reasoning in that it
    uses hypothesis.
    • A hypothesis is a statement describing relationships
    among variables that is tentatively assumed to be true.
    • It identifies observations to be made to investigate a
    question.
    • The use of hypotheses is the principal
    difference between the scientific approach
    and inductive reasoning.
    • Innductive reasoning, you make observations
    first and then organize the information gained.
    • In the scientific approach, you reason what
    you would find if a hypothesis were true and
    then you make systematic observations to
    confirm (or fail to confirm) the hypothesis.
    Thank You

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