Event Driven Programming

Hawassa University Daye Campus

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Chapter 6
Database Programming Compiled by Talegeta G.
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 Database System
 A database is
 a collection of related,

 logically coherent data used by the application programs in an organization.

 Advantages of databases
 Less redundancy

 Inconsistency avoidance

 Efficiency

 Data integrity

 Confidentiality
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 DBMS
 A database management system (DBMS)
 defines,
 creates and
 maintains a database.
 allows controlled access to data in the database.
 A DBMS is a combination of five components:
 hardware,
 software,
 data,
 users and
 procedures

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 Relational Database Model
 Data are organized in two-dimensional tables called relations.

 The tables are related to each other.

 A relation in an RDBMS has the following features:

 Name of entity
 Attributes
 Tuples

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 Relational Integrity Constraints
 Constraints are conditions that must hold on all valid relation states.
 There are three main types of constraints in the relational model:
 Key constraints
> Primary Key
> Unique Key
> Foreign Key
 Entity integrity constraints
 Referential integrity constraints
 Another implicit constraint is the domain constraint
 Every value in a tuple must be from the domain of its attribute (or it could be null, if
allowed for that attribute)
 Check constraints
 Default value constraint
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 Essential SQL Skill
 Creating and/or modifying database objects
 Retrieving data from a table
 Insert, Delete, update data
 Using functions
 String function
 Numeric functions
 Date/Time functions
 Other functions
> CASE, IF, IFNULL
 Creating View
 Transact-SQL programming
 Scripts
 Creating triggers
 Stored procedures
 Functions
 Working with Transaction
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 ADO.NET
Connecting a project to Database system and access database objects

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 ADO.NET
 ActiveX Data Object .NET is the primary data access API for the .NET Framework
 provides the classes that you as you develop database application with C# and other .Net
languages
These classes can be divided into two
 The .NET data provider
 which provide the classes that you use to access the data in database
 Dataset
 which provide the classes that you can use to store and work with data in your
application

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 The .NET data providers
 A .NET data provider is a set of classes that enables you to access data that’s managed by a
particular database server.
 All .NET data providers must include core classes for creating the four types of objects.
 Connection
> establishes a connection to a database server
 Command
> represents an individual SQL statement that can be executed against the database
 Data reader
> provides read-only forward access to the data in a database
 Data adapter
> provides the link between the command and connection objects and a dataset object

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 The .NET data providers
Data provider included with the .NET Framework
 SQL Server
 System.Data.SqlClient
> enables access MS SQL Server database
 OLEDB (Object Linking and Embedding, Database)
 System.Data.OleDb
> enables access to any database that supports OLEDB
 ODBC (Open Database Connectivity)
 System.Data.Odbc
> enables access to any database that supports ODBC
 Oracle
 System.Data.OracleClient
 Oracle.DataAccess.Client;
 enables access to Oracle database
Class name for data provider
Object SQL Server OLEDB ODBC Oracle
 Connection SqlConnection OleDbConnection OdbcConnection OracleConnection
 Command SqlCommand OleDbCommand OdbcCommand OracleCommand
 Data Reader SqlDataReader OleDbDataReade OdbcDataReader OracleDataReader
 Data adapter SqlDataAdapter OleDbDataAdapter OdbcDataAdapter OracleDataAdapter
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 ADO.NET….
The steps for executing database command in ADO.NET are:
 Create connection object
 Open the connection
 Create a command object encapsulating both Sql command and the connection
 Call a method on the command object to execute the command
 Close the connection by calling the close on the connection object

You can create ADO.NET objects

 By Writing the code yourself
 From data source listed in the Data Sources window

 Add Data Source using Data Source Configuration wizard

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 Creating ADO.NET MS SQL Server Database objects
 Create a connection object
 The SqlConnection Object is handling the part of physical communication between the C# application and
the SQL Server Database.
 An instance of the SqlConnection class in C# is supported the Data Provider for SQL Server Database.
 The SqlConnection instance takes Connection String as an argument and passes the value to the
Constructor statement.
 connetionString = "Data Source=ServerName; Initial Catalog=DatabaseName; User
ID=UserName; Password=Password“;
conn = new SqlConnection(connetionString);
cnn.Open();
 When the connection is established,
 SQL Commands will execute with the help of the Connection Object and retrieve or manipulate the
data in the database.
 Once the Database activities over,
 Connection should be closed and release the Data Source resources.
 conn.Close();
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 Create a command object
 The Command Object in ADO.NET executes
 SQL statements and

 Stored Procedures against the data source specified in the C# Connection Object.

 The Command Object requires an instance of a C# Connection Object for

executing the SQL statements.

 Some important built in methods uses in the Command Object to execute the
SQL statements

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 Working with Data Source and Datasets
 Data source
 Specifies the source of data for an application

 shows all the tables and columns in the dataset that are available to your
application
 Easiest way to generate Windows forms that work with the database

 Especially for small application or prototyping large application

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 Data Source and Datasets …
 Create a data source
 Open the Data Source windows
 Click on the Data Source tab or Data ->Data Source command
 Click on the Add New Data Source link, if your adding data source for the first time to your
project, or
 use Data->Add New Data Source command
 Choose the data source type, Click Next
 Choose the database model, (Dataset or Entity Data Model), select dataset, click Next
 Choose the data connection, Click New Connection -> select Data source and click Continue
 Add Connection: Select/Enter database server, Select/Attach Database, click Ok
 Choose your data connection, have a look at your connection string, click Next
 Save connection string to application configuration file, Click Next
 Choose Database object you need to add to your project
 Click Finish, Enjoy with drag and drop of your database object
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 Handling errors
 Data errors
 Sql Exception

 ADO.Net error
 DB Concurrency Exception

 Data Exception

 Constraint Exception

 No Null Allowed Exception

 Data Grid View data error

 Data Error Event handler
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 DataSet and DataAdapters
 ADO.NET’s SqlDataReader class provides stream-based access to the results of database
queries
 Streaming access is fast and efficient, but it’s also read-only and forward-only.
 ADO.NET supports set-based data access as well as stream-based data access.
 Set-based accesses capture an entire query in memory and support backward and forward
traversal through the result set.
 edit the data obtained through database queries, propagate the changes back to the data
source, and much, much more.
 Set-based data accesses revolve around two classes:
 Data Set, which is the equivalent of an in-memory database and is defined in the
System.Data namespace, and
 Data Adapter, which serves as a bridge between DataSets and physical data sources.

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 DataSet
 DataSet provides a disconnected representation of result sets from the Data Source,
and it is completely independent from the Data Source.

 DataSet provides much greater flexibility when dealing with related Result Sets.

 Dataset is structured much like a relational database.

 It can contain one or more tables, and each table can contain one or more columns
and rows.

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 DataSet …

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 DataSet …
 You can also work with the data in a database without using a data adapter.
 Use command and connection objects to access database.
 Instead of using a data adapter to execute the commands, you can execute the commands
directly.
 When you do that, you also have to provide code to handle the result of the command.
 If you issue a command that contains an
 Insert, Update, or Delete statement
> the result is an integer that indicates the number of rows that were affected by the
operation.
 You can use that operation to determine if the operation was successful.
 If you execute a command that contains a Select statement,
 the result is a result set that contains the rows you requested.
 To read through the rows in the result set, use a data reader object
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 DataSet Class
 Think of a DataSet as an in-memory database.
 The actual data is stored in DataTable objects, which are analogous to tables in a database.
 The DataSet.Tables property exposes a list of the DataTables in a DataSet.
 Records in a DataTable are represented by DataRow objects, and fields are represented by
instances of DataColumn.
 DataTable properties named Rows and Columns expose the collections of DataRows and
DataColumns that make up the table.
> DataSet ds = new DataSet ();
> // TODO: Initialize the DataSet
> MyDataGrid.DataSource = ds;
> MyDataGrid.DataBind ();

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 DataSets vs. DataReaders
 DataReader
 simply to query a database and read through the records one at a time until you find the one you’re
looking for,
 retrieve only the data that you actually use, and they don’t consume memory by storing every record
that you read.
 DataSet
 to use all the query results (perhaps because you’re displaying them in a table), you need the ability to
iterate backward and forward through a result set
 to cache the result set in memory
 DataSet ds = new DataSet ();
 // TODO: Initialize the DataSet
 MyDataGrid.DataSource = ds;
 MyDataGrid.DataBind ();
 the same code can be implemented more efficiently with a DataReader:
 SqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader ();
 MyDataGrid.DataSource = reader;
 MyDataGrid.DataBind ();
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 DataSet …
 purpose is to perform database queries and create DataTables
containing the query results.
 It’s also capable of writing changes made to the DataTables
back to the database.
 Initializing a DataSet from a Database: DataAdapter.Fill

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 DataAdapter Classes
 SqlDataAdapter adapter = new SqlDataAdapter ("select * from course", conn);
 DataSet ds = new DataSet ();
 adapter.Fill (ds, “Course");
 Fill opens a connection to the database using the connection string passed to
SqlDataAdapter’s constructor.
 It performs a query on the Pubs database using the query string passed to
SqlDataAdapter’s constructor.
 It creates a DataTable named “Course” in the DataSet.
 It initializes the DataTable with a schema that matches that of the “Course” table in
the database.
 It retrieves all the records produced by the query and writes them to the DataTable.
 It closes the connection to the database.
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 For more information
 Anne Boehm, Ged Mead. ADO.NET 4 Database programming
with C# 2010
 Joel Murach, Anne Boehm. Murach C# 2012, Mike Murach &
Associates Inc USA, 2013
 Deitel, C#-How to Program. USA, 2010
 Svetlin Nakov et al. Fundamentals of Computer Programming
With C#. Sofia, 2013
 www.csharp.net-informations.com

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 .

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