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Inheritance

Genetics and inheritance can be summarized as follows: 1) Genetic information is transmitted from parents to offspring through alleles located on chromosomes. Genes control observable traits known as phenotypes. 2) Monohybrid crosses involving a single gene can be modeled using Punnett squares to determine the potential offspring genotypes and phenotypes. 3) Sex-linked traits are inherited differently because they are located on the X or Y chromosomes, meaning males are more likely to exhibit recessive X-linked conditions.

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23 views19 pages

Inheritance

Genetics and inheritance can be summarized as follows: 1) Genetic information is transmitted from parents to offspring through alleles located on chromosomes. Genes control observable traits known as phenotypes. 2) Monohybrid crosses involving a single gene can be modeled using Punnett squares to determine the potential offspring genotypes and phenotypes. 3) Sex-linked traits are inherited differently because they are located on the X or Y chromosomes, meaning males are more likely to exhibit recessive X-linked conditions.

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michellekungi
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GENETICS

INHERITANCE
INHERITANCE IS THE TRANSMISSION OF
GENETIC
INFORMATION FROM GENERATION TO
GENERATION
GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

• Genotype is the genetic • Phenotype is the observable


make-up of an organism in features of an organism.
terms of the alleles present.
HOMOZYGOUS AND HETEROZYGOUS
HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS
• Homozygous is having two identical • Heterozygous is having two different
alleles of a particular gene alleles of a particular gene.
• Two identical homozygous • A heterozygous individual will not be
individuals that breed together will be pure-breeding.
pure-breeding
DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE
• Dominant is an allele that is • Recessive is an allele that
expressed if it is present. is only expressed when
• For eg. T-dominant and t- there is no dominant allele
recessive. of the gene present.
• Tt- dominant • tt- recessive (dominant
• TT- dominant allele T is absent)
• tt- recessive
PEDIGREE
DIAGRAMS

Horizontal lines between males and females show that they have
produced children.
MONOHYBRID
INHERITANCE
 Monohybrid inheritance is the inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gene
(mono = one) This can be determined using a genetic diagram known as a Punnett
square
 A Punnett square diagram shows the possible combinations of alleles that could be
produced in the offspring. From this the ratio of these combinations can be worked out
 Remember the dominant allele is shown using a capital letter and the recessive allele is
shown using the same letter but lower case
 You should always write the dominant allele first, followed by the recessive allele
Example:
The height of pea plants is controlled by a single gene that has two alleles: tall and short
The tall allele is dominant and is shown as T
The small allele is recessive and is shown as t
HOW TO DRAW GENETIC DIAGRAMS?
1. Write down the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents.
Parent’s phenotype grey charcoal
parent’s genotype Gg gg
2. Write the different types of gametes formed.
Gametes G g g
3. Write what happens in fertilization. [ F1 generation]
F1 generation
HOW TO CONSTRUCT PUNNETT SQUARES
• determine the parental genotypes
• select a letter [usually use the first letter of recessive allele] that has a
clearly different lower case, for example: Aa, Bb, Dd
• split the alleles for each parent and add them to the punnett square around
the outside.
• fill in the middle four squares of the punnett square to work out the
possible genetic combinations in the offspring
• you may be asked to comment on the ratio of different allele combinations
in the offspring, calculate a percentage chances of offspring showing a
specific characteristic or just determine the phenotypes of the offspring
• completing a punnett square allows you to predict the probability of
different outcomes from monohybrid crosses
TEST CROSS
 Breeders can use a test cross to find out the genotype of
an organism showing the dominant phenotype.
 This involves crossing the unknown individual with an
individual showing the recessive phenotype – if the
individual is showing the recessive phenotype, then its
genotype must be homozygous recessive
 By looking at the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring,
we can tell whether the unknown individual is
homozygous dominant or heterozygous
CODOMINANCE

• SOME GENES HAVE ALLELES THAT ARE EQUALLY DOMINANT AND SO ARE BOTH
EXPRESSED EQUALLY IN THE PHENOTYPE. THIS IS KNOWN AS CODOMINANCE
• BOTH CODOMINANT ALLELES ARE SHOWN WITH UPPER CASE LETTERS IN
GENETIC DIAGRAMS, BUT THE LETTERS USED ARE DIFFERENT
• FOR EXAMPLE, FEATHER COLOUR IN HENS MAY BE WHITE, BLACK OR
SPECKLED (IT HAS BOTH WHITE FEATHERS AND BLACK FEATHERS)
• THE ALLELES CAN BE SHOWN AS W FOR WHITE AND B FOR BLACK
• THERE ARE THREE POSSIBLE GENOTYPES: WW, BB AND BW
• THERE ARE ALSO THREE POSSIBLE PHENOTYPES: WW = WHITE, BB = BLACK,
AND BW = SPECKLED
INHERITANCE OF BLOOD GROUP
These three possible alleles can give us the following genotypes and phenotypes:
WE CAN USE GENETIC DIAGRAMS TO PREDICT THE OUTCOME OF CROSSES THAT
INVOLVE CODOMINANT ALLELES:
SEX - LINKED INHERITANCE
• WHEN ALLELES THAT CONTROL A PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTIC ARE FOUND ON
THE SEX CHROMOSOMES, WE DESCRIBE THE INHERITANCE THAT RESULTS AS
‘SEX LINKED’.
• IN ALMOST ALL CASES, THERE ARE ONLY ALLELES ON THE X CHROMOSOME AS
THE Y CHROMOSOME IS MUCH SMALLER.
• BECAUSE MALES ONLY HAVE ONE X CHROMOSOME, THEY ARE MUCH MORE
LIKELY TO SHOW SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE CONDITIONS (SUCH AS RED-GREEN
COLOUR BLINDNESS AND HAEMOPHILIA)
• FEMALES, HAVING TWO COPIES OF THE X CHROMOSOME, ARE LIKELY TO INHERIT
ONE DOMINANT ALLELE THAT MASKS THE EFFECT OF THE RECESSIVE ALLELE
• A FEMALE WITH ONE RECESSIVE ALLELE MASKED IN THIS WAY IS KNOWN AS A
CARRIER; SHE DOESN’T HAVE THE DISEASE, BUT SHE HAS A 50% CHANCE OF
PASSING IT ON TO HER OFFSPRING
• IF THAT OFFSPRING IS A MALE, HE WILL HAVE THE DISEASE.

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