Periodic Table

PERIODIC
TABLE OF
ELEMENTS
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EL_ _ENT_
ELEMENTS
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F_ M_L_
FAMILY
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M_ _TA_
METAL
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P_R_OD
PERIOD
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GROUP
What is the
importance of the
Periodic Table of
Elements?
The periodic table is a very important tool for chemists. It
gives the different physical and chemical properties of
elements. It also helps in predicting and explaining chemical
reactions. The periodic table serves as a guide in getting
information about the nature and properties of different
elements, and its development lead to greater
understanding of the components of matter. The periodic
table started when early chemists tried to classify the
known elements during their time. The chemists arranged
these elements in various ways to have a certain trend or
pattern.
Historical
Development of the
Periodic Table of
Elements
What are Dobereiner’s Triads?
In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner come up with his LAW of TRIADS.

Dobereiner’s triads were groups of elements with similar properties that were identified.
He observed that groups of three elements (triads) could be formed in which all the
elements shared similar physical and chemical properties.
Dobereiner stated in his law of triads that the arithmetic mean of the atomic
masses of the first and third element in a triad would be approximately equal to the
atomic mass of the second element in that triad. He also suggested that this law could be
extended for other quantifiable properties of elements, such as density.
The first of Dobereiner’s triads was identified in the year 1817 and was
constituted by the alkaline earth metals calcium, strontium and barium. Three more triads
were identified by the year 1829.
.
Newland’s Law of Octaves
In the year 1864, the British chemist John Newlands attempted
the 62 elements known at that time. He arranged them in an
ascending order based on their atomic masses and observed that
every 8th element had similar properties. On the basis of this
observation, Newland’s law of octaves was formulated.
The law of octaves states that every eighth element has similar
properties when the elements are arranged in the increasing order
of their atomic masses.
Newlands compared the similarity between the elements to the
octaves of music, where every eighth note is comparable to the first.
This was the first attempt at assigning an atomic number to each
element. However, this method of classifying elements was met with
a lot of resistance in the scientific community.
Basic Info about the Periodic Table
• In 1869, Russian chemist
Dmitri Mendeleev created
the framework that became
the modern periodic table,
leaving gaps for elements that
were yet to be discovered
JULIUS LOTHAR MEYER
Meyer trained at Heidelberg University under Bunsen and Kirchhoff, as did Mendeleev. So the two scientists would certainly
have known each other although neither was aware of all the work done by the other. Meyer's roots, however, were firmly in
Germany. Meyer was just four years older than Mendeleev, and produced several Periodic Tables between 1864-1870.
His first table contained just 28 elements, organised by their valency (how many other atoms they can combine with). These
elements were almost entirely main group elements, but in 1868 he incorporated the transition metals in a much more
developed table. This 1868 table listed the elements in order of atomic weight, with elements with the same valency arranged
in vertical lines, strikingly similar to Mendeleev’s table. Unfortunately for Meyer, his work wasn’t published until 1870, a
year after Mendeleev’s periodic table had been published. Even after 1870, Meyer and Mendeleev were still unaware of each
other’s work, although Meyer later admitted that Mendeleev had published his version first.
Meyer did contribute to the development of the periodic table in another way though. He was the first person to recognize the
periodic trends in the properties of elements, and the graph shows the pattern he saw in the atomic volume of an element
plotted against its atomic weight.
• Henry Moseley contribution to
the periodic table was that
he arranged the elements in the
periodic table according to
atomic numbers.
• There are already 118
discovered elements (as of
2019)
What is
Periodic Law?
Periodic Law
- When elements are arranged in
order of increasing atomic number,
there is a periodic repetition of their
chemical and physical properties.
• There are already 118 discovered elements (as

of 2019)
• Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in

increasing atomic number from left to right and
from top to bottom.
Period
• Periods are horizontal rows of the periodic table.
1
7
Period
• There 7 periods in the periodic table.
Period
Group
• Groups are vertical columns of the periodic table.
Period
Group
• Groups are vertical columns of the periodic table.
• There 18 groups in the periodic table.
• Groups are also called families – because
elements in the same group have similar
properties.
Group 1 – Alkali Metals
• These elements are very reactive.
• They are good conductors of heat
and electricity.
• They have one valence electron.
Group 18 – Noble Gases
• These are stable gases.
• They are non-reactive elements.
• They have eight valence electron
except Helium.
Non-metals
Metalloids
Metals (except H)
What is Periodic Trend?
Periodic trends are patterns in elements on
the periodic table. Major trends are
electronegativity, ionization energy,
electron affinity, atomic radius, and
metallic character.
Electronegativity Trends
Electronegativity can be understood as a
chemical property describing an atom's ability
to attract and bind with electrons. Because
electronegativity is a qualitative property,
there is no standardized method for calculating
electronegativity.
Electronegativity measures an atom's tendency to attract and form bonds
with electrons. This property exists due to the electronic configuration of atoms.
Most atoms follow the octet rule (having the valence, or outer, shell comprise of
8 electrons). Because elements on the left side of the periodic table have less than
a half-full valence shell, the energy required to gain electrons is significantly
higher compared with the energy required to lose electrons. As a result, the
elements on the left side of the periodic table generally lose electrons when
forming bonds. Conversely, elements on the right side of the periodic table are
more energy-efficient in gaining electrons to create a complete valence shell of 8
electrons. The nature of electronegativity is effectively described thus: the more
inclined an atom is to gain electrons, the more likely that atom will pull electrons
toward itself.
1.Based on the periodic trends
for ionization energy, which
element has the highest
ionization energy?
a. Fluorine (F)
b. Nitrogen (N)
c. Helium (He)
Answer: C.) Helium (He)
Explanation: Helium (He) has the highest

ionization energy because, like other
noble gases, helium's valence shell is full.
Therefore, helium is stable and does not
readily lose or gain electrons.
Nitrogen has a larger atomic
radius than oxygen.
A.) True
B.) False
A.) True
Explanation: Atomic radius increases from right

to left on the periodic table. Therefore, nitrogen
is larger than oxygen.
Which has more
metallic character, Lead
(Pb) or Tin (Sn)?
Answer: Lead (Pb)
Explanation: Lead and tin share the

same column. Metallic character
increases down a column. Lead is
under tin, so lead has more metallic
character.
Which element is more
electronegative, sulfur (S)
or selenium (Se)?
Answer: Sulfur (S)
Explanation: Note that sulfur and selenium share the

same column. Electronegativity increases up a column.
This indicates that sulfur is more electronegative than
selenium.
An atom with an atomic radius smaller than
that of sulfur (S) is __________.
A.) Oxygen (O)

B.) Chlorine (Cl)
C.) Calcium (Ca)
D.) Lithium (Li)
E.) None of the above
Answer: C.) Oxygen (O)
Explanation: Periodic trends indicate

that atomic radius increases up a
group and from left to right across a
period. Therefore, oxygen has a
smaller atomic radius sulfur.

Periodic Table

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PERIODIC

In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner come up with his LAW of TRIADS.

• There are already 118 discovered elements (as

• Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in

Explanation: Helium (He) has the highest

Explanation: Atomic radius increases from right

Explanation: Lead and tin share the

Explanation: Note that sulfur and selenium share the

A.) Oxygen (O)

Explanation: Periodic trends indicate

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