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Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of key concepts related to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It defines data and information, and the differences between them. It describes the components and purpose of a DBMS, including organizing data storage and enabling data sharing. It also summarizes different views of data at the physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction, and distinguishes between database schemas (design) and instances (current stored data).

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views38 pages

Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of key concepts related to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It defines data and information, and the differences between them. It describes the components and purpose of a DBMS, including organizing data storage and enabling data sharing. It also summarizes different views of data at the physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction, and distinguishes between database schemas (design) and instances (current stored data).

Uploaded by

mostaficnahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 1

Kazi Rifat Ahmed


Lecturer
Department of Software Engineering
Daffodil International University
● Introduction
● Data & Information
● Difference of Data &
Information
Outline ● File Processing System
● View of Data
● Level of Abstractions
● Instances & Schemas
● Three Schema Architecture
● Data Independence
Data & Information
● Data is a collection of raw, unorganised facts and details like text,
observations, figures, symbols and descriptions of things etc.
● In other words, data does not carry any specific purpose and has no
significance by itself.
● Moreover, data is measured in terms of bits and bytes – which are basic units
of information in the context of computer storage and processing.
Data & Information (Con.)
● Information is processed, organised and structured data.
● It provides context for data and enables decision making.
● For example, a single customer’s sale at a restaurant is data – this becomes
information when the business is able to identify the most popular or least
popular dish.
Data & Information (Con.)
English Science
Student Math Score Score Score Student

Alex 78 92 85 Alex

Sarah 89 78 95 Sarah

Chris 95 88 92 Chris
Difference Between Data & Information
Data Information

Data is unorganised and unrefined facts Information comprises processed, organised


data presented in a meaningful context

Data is an individual unit that contains raw materials Information is a group of data that
which do not carry any specific meaning. collectively carries a logical meaning.

Data doesn’t depend on information. Information depends on data.

Raw data alone is insufficient for decision making Information is sufficient for decision making
Database Management System
● A database-management system (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data
and a set of programs to access those data.
● The collection of data, usually referred to as the database, contains
information relevant to an enterprise.
● The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve
database information that is both convenient and efficient.
Database Management System (Con.)
Database Management System (Con.)
● Organized collection of logically related data is called Database.
● In a relational database, a data item is called a column or attribute, a record
is called a row or tuple, and a file is called a table.
Database Management System (Con.)
The primary purpose of a DBMS is :
● It provides a systematic method of creating, updating, storing, and retrieving
the data stored in a database.
● It enables end users and application programmers to share data, and it
enables data to be shared among multiple applications.
● It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity,
managing concurrency control, and restoring a database.
Database-System Applications
Databases are widely used. Here are some representative applications:

● Enterprise Information ● Universities


○ Sales ● Airlines
○ Accounting ● Telecommunication
○ Manufacturing
○ Online retailers
● Banking and Finance
○ Credit card transactions
○ Finance
Database Management System (Cont.)
File Processing System
● A file processing system is a collection of programs that store and manage
files in computer hard-disk.
● File processing system has more data redundancy, less data redundancy in
dbms.
● File processing system provides less flexibility in accessing data, whereas
dbms has more flexibility in accessing data.
File Processing System (Cont.)
File Processing System Problems
● Data redundancy: Data redundancy refers to the duplication of data. Data
redundancy often leads to higher storage costs and poor access time.
● Data inconsistency: Data redundancy leads to data inconsistency, A
student's address is stored twice, potentially leading to data inconsistency if
it is changed at one place and not on all records, as demonstrated in the
example given.
● Data Isolation: Because data are scattered in various files, and files may
be in different formats, writing new application programs to retrieve the
appropriate data is difficult.
● Dependency on application programs: Changing files would lead to
change in application programs.
● Data Security: Data should be secured from unauthorised access, for
example a student in a college should not be able to see the payroll details
of the teachers.
View of Data
❖ A database system is a collection of interrelated data and a set of
programs that allow users to access and modify these data.
❖ A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an
abstract view of the data.
❖ That is, the system hides certain details of how the data are stored
and maintained.
View of Data (Cont.)
Data Abstraction:
Data retrieval from database should be made easy & efficient since
database user are not computer trained .
So the developer hide the complexity from user for several level of
abstraction.
View of Data (Cont.)
● Physical Level
● Logical Level
● View Level
View of Data (Cont.)
❏ Physical level: (Physical schema describes the files and
indexes used.)
❏ The lowest level of abstraction describes how the data are
actually stored.
❏ The physical level describes complex low-level data structures
in detail.
❏ The design of data structure is described at this level called
physical schema.
❏ It specify that records are stored in either as pages.
View of Data (Cont.)
❏ Logical level: (Conceptual schema defines logical structure)
❏ This is middle level of abstraction and it describes what data
are stored in the database, and what relationship exist among
the those data, there is only one schemas only for one
database.
❏ The logical level thus describes the entire database in terms of
a small number of relatively simple structures.
❏ The logical level of abstraction is used by database
administrator, Who decide what information has to kept inside
database.
View of Data (Cont.)
❏ View level.(External schemata describe how users see the
data. )
❏ The highest level of abstraction describes only part of the
entire database. Even though the logical level uses simpler
structures, complexity remains because of the variety of
information stored in a large database.
❏ Many users of the database system do not need all this
information; instead, they need to access only a part of the
database. The view level of abstraction exists to simplify their
interaction with the system. The system may provide many
views for the same database.
Level of Abstraction (View of Data)
➢ Physical level: It describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored.
➢ Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
city : integer;
end;
➢ View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views
can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security purposes.
Level of Abstraction (View of Data)
➢ Physical level: It describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored.
➢ Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
city : integer;
end;
➢ View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views
can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security purposes.
Instances and Schema
❏ Schema – Design of a database is called the schema. Schema is of
three types: Physical schema, logical schema and view schema.
❏ For example: In the following diagram, we have a schema that
shows the relationship between three tables: Course, Student and
Section. The diagram only shows the design of the database, it
doesn’t show the data present in those tables. Schema is only a
structural view (design) of a database as shown in the diagram
below.
Instances and Schemas (Cont.)
Instances and Schemas (Cont.)
➢ The design of a database at physical level is called physical
schema, how the data stored in blocks of storage is described at
this level.
➢ Design of database at logical level is called logical schema,
programmers and database administrators work at this level, at
this level data can be described as certain types of data records
gets stored in data structures, however the internal details such as
implementation of data structure is hidden at this level (available
at physical level).
➢ Design of database at view level is called view schema. This
generally describes end user interaction with database systems.
Instances and Schemas (Cont.)
➔ Instance –The data stored in database at a particular moment of time is
called instance of database. Database schema defines the variable
declarations in tables that belong to a particular database; the value of
these variables at a moment of time is called the instance of that
database.
➔ For example, let's say we have a single table student in the database,
today the table has 100 records, so today the instance of the database
has 100 records. Let's say we are going to add another 100 records in this
table by tomorrow so the instance of database tomorrow will have 200
records in table. In short, at a particular moment the data stored in
database is called the instance, that changes over time when we add or
delete data from the database.
Three-Schema Architecture
➢ Internal schema at the internal level to describe physical
storage structures and access paths (e.g indexes).
○ Typically uses a physical data model.
➢ Conceptual schema at the conceptual level to describe the
structure and constraints for the whole database for a
community of users.
○ Uses a conceptual or an implementation data model.
➢ External schemas at the external level to describe the various
user views.
○ Usually uses the same data model as the conceptual schema
Three-Schema Architecture (Cont.)
Data Independence
○ Data independence can be explained using the three-schema
architecture.
○ Data independence refers characteristic of being able to modify
the schema at one level of the database system without altering
the schema at the next higher level.
Data Independence (Cont.)
Logical Data Independence:
○ Logical data independence refers characteristic of being able to
change the conceptual schema without having to change the
external schema.
○ Logical data independence is used to separate the external level
from the conceptual view.
○ If we do any changes in the conceptual view of the data, then the
user view of the data would not be affected.
○ Logical data independence occurs at the user interface level.
Data Independence (Cont.)
Physical Data Independence:
○ Physical data independence can be defined as the capacity to change
the internal schema without having to change the conceptual schema.
○ If we do any changes in the storage size of the database system
server, then the Conceptual structure of the database will not be
affected.
○ Physical data independence is used to separate conceptual levels
from the internal levels.
○ Physical data independence occurs at the logical interface level.
Data Independence (Cont.)
Database Architecture
Database Architecture (Cont.)
Database applications are usually partitioned into two or three parts.
❏ In a two-tier architecture, the application resides at the client machine,
where it invokes database system functionality at the server machine
through query language statements. Application program interface
standards like ODBC and JDBC are used for interaction between the
client and the server.
Database Architecture (Cont.)
❏ In contrast, in a three-tier architecture, the client machine acts as merely a
front end and does not contain any direct database calls. Instead, the client
end communicates with an application server, usually through a forms
interface.
❏ The application server in turn communicates with a database system to
access data. The business logic of the application, which says what actions
to carry out under what conditions, is embedded in the application server,
instead of being distributed across multiple clients. Three-tier applications
are more appropriate for large applications, and for applications that run on
the World Wide Web.
References
1. https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-data-and-information/
2. https://medium.com/@rohanrpatil20/file-processing-system-database-management-system-40167
a60f4ae#:~:text=A%20file%20processing%20system%20is,more%20flexibility%20in%20access
ing%20data
.
3. https://beginnersbook.com/2015/04/dbms-vs-file-system/
4. https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-data-independence
5. Reference Book: DATABASE SYSTEM CONCEPTS SIXTH EDITION Abraham
Silberschatz Yale University Henry F. Korth Lehigh University S. Sudarshan
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Thank You

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