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Data Representation 1

This document discusses data representation in computers. It defines data and different data types like text, numeric, images that can be stored on computers. All data is ultimately represented as binary digits (zeros and ones). Various coding schemes like ASCII and Unicode are used to represent text as binary. Larger units like kilobytes and megabytes are used to measure data storage. Different number systems like binary, decimal, hexadecimal are used for numerical representation in computers.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
150 views40 pages

Data Representation 1

This document discusses data representation in computers. It defines data and different data types like text, numeric, images that can be stored on computers. All data is ultimately represented as binary digits (zeros and ones). Various coding schemes like ASCII and Unicode are used to represent text as binary. Larger units like kilobytes and megabytes are used to measure data storage. Different number systems like binary, decimal, hexadecimal are used for numerical representation in computers.

Uploaded by

Happy Kploanyi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Representation

• Data
• Data can be defined as facts, figures or statistics
used for reference.
• Data is a raw materials for data processing.
• Data refers unprocessed information.
• It can be numbers, figures, symbols, images etc.
Data Representation
• Data representation is defined as the methods
used to represent information in computers.
• Different types of data can be stored in
computer system.
• This includes numeric data, texts, executable
files, images, audios, videos etc.
• All types of data stored in the computer are
represented by as a sequence of zeros and
ones.
Binary System
• A binary system is a number system that has just
two unique digits, o and 1 called bits.
• A bit ( short for binary digit) is the smallest unit
of data the computer can process.
Data Types
• A data type is a classification of the type of data
that a variable or object can hold in computer
programming.
• Data types are an important factor in all
computer programming languages , including C+
+, JavaScript, Visual Basic
Examples of data types
• Integers(e.g. 2345,-234,0,78. -9)
• Real number;
• String;( bacd)
• Boolean (True or False)
• Character; ( b)
• Data( 01/12/2003)
• Double (1.797693E08)
• Floating –point number (2.345)
• Long (23456789)
Data Types
 Text data is used for data that is made up of
letters only.
 For example, password using the word
“STRONG” would be regarded as text.
 Alphanumeric data is used for data that is
made up of letter and numbers.
 For example, a password of
“STRONG3456”
Data Types
• Real number is any positive or negative number.
• This includes all integers and all rational and
irrational numbers.
• Rational numbers may be expressed by as a
fraction as
• Irrational numbers may be expressed as an
infinite decimal representation ( 2.14159)
• Real numbers are important in computing
because computers calculations involve integers
and floating –point calculations.
Data Types
• A string is any finite sequence of
characters.
• An important characteristic of each
string is its length, which is the
number of characters in it.
• Empty string is a string containing no
character and thus having a length of
zero.
Data Types
• Character is a single visual object used to
represent text, numbers , symbols.
• For example, the letter “B” is a single
character .
• With a computer , one character is equal to
one byte.
• It is sometimes abbreviated as char.
• Characters could be numbers, texts, symbols,
space etc.
Representing data
• All data within a computer are transmitted as
series of electrical signals that are either on or
off.
• For a computer to be able to process any kind
of data , including text, images and sound, it
must be converted into binary form.
Representing Text
• When any key on a keyboard is pressed, it
needs to be converted into binary number
so that it can be processed by the
computer.
• A code where each number represents a
character can be used to convert text into
binary .
• The ASCII code takes each character on
keyboard and assigns it a binary number.
Units of Data Storage
• Bits
• A bit is the smallest unit of measurement used
to quantify computer data.
• It contains a single binary value of 0 or 1
• Bits are often grouped together in 8-bits
cluster called bytes.
• It is the basic unit of data or information in a
digital computers.
Units of Data Storage
• Byte:
• Byte is a group of 8 bits used to represent a
character.
• A byte is considered the basic unit of
measuring memory size in a computer.
• A byte can store or 256 different values.
Units of Data Storage

• A nibble is half a byte, which is usually a


group of 4 bytes.
• The nibble is a unit of memory equal to
half a byte or four bits.
Units of Data Storage
• A word : two or more bits make a word.
• The term word length is used as the measure
of the number of bits in each word.
• For example, a word can have a length of 16
bits, 32 bits, 64 bits etc.
Units of Data Storage
 Kilobyte(KB) – A Kilobyte is 1,024 bytes.

 When binary data is stored in memory or fixed media,


such as hard drive, magnetic tape or CD-ROM , power –
of-two multipliers are used.
 Megabyte(MB): A Megabyte is which is 1,048,576
bytes or 1024 Kilobytes.
 Gigabyte(GB) : A Gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 () bytes,
1,024 Megabytes or 1,048,576 Kilobytes
Units of Data Storage
• Terabyte(TB) : A Terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776()
bytes, 1,024 Gigabyte or 1,048,576 Megabyte, 1
trillion bytes
• Petabyte(PB) : A Terabyte is 1,125,899,906,842,624
() bytes, 1,024 Terabytes,1,048,576 Gigabytes or
1,073,741,824 Megabytes
• Exabyte(EB): An Exabyte is
1,152,921,504,606,846,976 () bytes, 1,024
Petabytes, 1,048,576 Terabytes, 1,073,741,824
Gigabytes or 1,099,511,627,776 Megabytes
Units of Data Storage
• Zettabyte (ZB): A Zettabyte is
1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 ( bytes, 1,024
Exabytes, 1,048,576 Petabytes, 1,073,741,824
Terabytes, 1,099,511,627,776 Gigabytes
Types of Data Representation
• Digital data
• Bits are a fundamental element of digital computing.
• A bit is the smallest unit of data that the computer
deals with.
• A bit can take two values ( 0 or 1)
• A two –state electrical switch ( transistor) is used to
represent a bit.
• In computer memory, data are stored as block of
bits( bit- patterns), the length of bit patterns is the
number of bits in the bit –patterns.
• A bit pattern of 8 bits length is called a byte.
Text Representation
• Written text is made up of alphabetical
symbols(letters) .
• Each of those symbols is represented by a
distinctive bit-pattern (code) , ex table A1,
P337
• Once alphabetical symbols are represented by
a bit pattern, any word that is made of a
combination of letters can be represented.
Coding Information using a Bit Pattern
• Code: It is a set of bit patterns designed to
represent text symbols ASCII
• EBCDIC : It is used in IBM mainframes
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code
A Coding Scheme
• A Coding Scheme refers to a standard, rule,
or structure that is used to convert data into
a different form.
• A Coding Scheme converts information from
one form of data to another, such as
conversion from simple Text-Based information
to Binary language.
• A computer uses Coding Schemes to convert
simple information (Text Based) into Binary
digits. Without a Coding Scheme, a computer
will be unable to process information.
A Coding Scheme
• American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) is a -7 bit code, which means
that only 128 characters i.e. can be represented.
• ASCII is an eight –bit that specifies characters for
values from 0 to 127.
• Every single character on the keyboard has an
associated ASCII code.
• The symbolic representation of the letter A using
this coding scheme is 01000001
Extended ASCII
• Extended ASCII is an eight-bit code that
specifies the characters for values from 128 to
255.
• The first 40 symbols represent pronunciation
and special punctuation.
• The remaining symbols are graphic symbols.
Binary Coded Decimal
• In this system, one digit is represented by 4
bits.
• This is used only to represent decimal
numbers.
• Binary Coded Decimal is a 4-bit code used to
represent numeric data only.
• For example, a number like 9 can be
represented using Binary Coded Decimal as
10012
Standard Binary Coded Decimal
• This is an enhanced format of Binary Coded
Decimal which uses a 6-bit representation
scheme that can represent non-numeric
characters.
• This allows 64 characters to be represented .
• For example , letter A can be represented as
1100012 using Standard Binary Coded Decimal.
Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code
• We can write only characters using the ASCII system,
but the EBCDIC system allows the use of 256
characters.
• Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code an
8-bit character coding scheme used primarily on IBM
computers.
• For example, the symbolic representation of letter A
using EBCDIC is 110000012
• One symbol can be written with a binary number
which consists of 8-bit.
• This system was used in IBM mainframe computers.
UNICODE
• UNICODE is a universal international coding
standard designed to represent text-based data
written in any ancient or modern language.
• Unicode uniquely identifies each character using 0s
and 1s no matter which language, program, or
computer platform is being used.
• It is a longer code , consisting of 1 to 4 bytes(8 to 32
bits) per character and can represent over one
million characters.
• When it comes to international language , there is a
need to represent a maximum of 65536 characters
uniquely.
Number Systems and their representation

• A number system is a set of symbols used to


represent values derived from a common base.
• A numbering system is a way of representing
numbers.
• The numbering system we commonly use is
called the decimal numbering system because it
uses 10 symbols.
• A system of naming or representing numbers is
known as Number System.
Number Systems
• As far as computers are concerned, number
systems can be classified into the various
major categories.
• Binary number system;
• Octal number system;
• Decimal number system,
• Hexadecimal number system.
Binary Number System.
• The term binary loosely means “two numbers
” and the two numbers associated with binary
are 1 and 0
Binary to Octal Conversion
• To convert a binary number into octal , we
follow the given steps:
i. Divide the binary digits into groups of 3
digits, starting from the right;
ii. Convert each group of binary digits into octal
digit.
Binary to Octal Conversion
• Examples,
• Convert binary number 1001012
• Answer = 458
• Convert 11101011102 to octal digit
• Answer = 16568
• Convert the 111101.01102 to octal number.
• Answer= 75.328
Conversion from Binary to Decimal
• First, write the place values starting from the
right-hand side;
• Write each digit under its place value;
• Multiply each digit by its corresponding place
value;
• Add up the products. The answer will be the
decimal number in base ten.
Conversion from Binary to Decimal
• Alternative Steps:
• Step 1: Determine the column (Positional)
value of each digit.
• Step 2: multiply the obtained column
values( Step 1) by the digits in the
corresponding columns.
• Step 3: Sum the products calculated in Step 2.
The total is the equivalent value in decimal.
Place 25 24 23 22 21 20
value

Binary 1 0 1 1 0 1
digits
Conversion from Binary to Decimal
• Convert 1011012 to base ten (decimal)
number.

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