ARRAYS AND STRINGS

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 ARRAYS

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Array

 An Array is a collection of similar data items,

that are stored under a common name.
 Array might belonging to any of the data types
 Array size must be a constant value.
 Always, Contiguous(adjacent) memory locations
are used to store array elements in memory.

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Uses of array

 Stores the elements of same data type.

 Used for maintaining multiple variable names
using a single name.
 Used for sorting elements.
 Matrix operations can be performed using
arrays.
 Arrays are also used in CPU scheduling.
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
 Types of arrays

 Types
 One-Dimensional array
 Two-Dimensional array
 Multi-Dimensional array

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 One-Dimensional array

 Array declaration:
 Syntax:
data_type array_name[size];
 Example: int x[3];

x
X[0]
X[1]
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
X[2]
 Array initialization
 The initializer for an array is a comma-separated list of constant
expressions enclosed in braces ({ }).

 The initializer is preceded by an equal sign (=).

 It is not necessary to initialize all elements in an array. If an

array is partially initialized, elements that are not initialized
receive the value of the appropriate type.

 Array initialization can be made either :

 At compile time or
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
 At run time
 At compile time

 Syntax:
data_type array_name[size]={variables};
Example: int x[3]={5,3,7};

x
5
X[0]
3
X[1]
7
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
X[2]
 At Run time

 Array can also be initialized at the run time.

Example:
while(i<10)
{
if(i<5)
sum[i]=0;
else
sum[i]=sum[i]+i;
}
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
Example:
scanf(“%d%d”,&a[0],&a[1]);
 Example

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x[2],i;
printf("\nEnter the inputs:");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
scanf("%d",&x[i]);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
printf("\nThe value in x[%d] is %d",i,x[i]);
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT getch();
}
 Output

Enter the inputs:3

6

The value in x[0] is 3

The value in x[1] is 6

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Example

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
char x[5]={'a','b','c','d','e'};
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("\nThe value in x[%d] is %c",i,x[i]);
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
getch();
}
 Output

The value in x[0] is a

The value in x[1] is b
The value in x[2] is c
The value in x[3] is d
The value in x[4] is e

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Two-Dimensional array

 Array declaration
 Syntax:
data_type array_name[row_size] [col_size];
 Example: int x[3][2];

Col 0 Col 1
row 0 X[0][0] X[0][1]

row 1 X[1][0] X[1][1]

X[2][0] X[2][1]
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
row 2
 2-D Array Initialization

 Syntax:
data_type array_name[row_size] [col_size]={variables};

 Example: int x[2][2]={1,50,2,75};

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Example

 int x[2][2]={ {1,50},

{2,75}
};

(or)

 int x[ ][2]={ {1,50},

{2,75}
};

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

  The array elements will be stored in contiguous memory locations, and it
is illustrated below:

Col 0 Col 1
1 50
row 0
2 75
row 1

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
int x[2][2]={ {1,50},
{2,75}
};
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf("\nThe value in x[%d][%d] is %d",i,j,x[i][j]);
getch();
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
}
 Output

The value in x[0][0] is 1

The value in x[0][1] is 50
The value in x[1][0] is 2
The value in x[1][1] is 75

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Example

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
int x[][2]={ {1,50},{2,75},{3,65}};
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf("\nThe value in x[%d][%d] is %d",i,j,x[i][j]);
getch();
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
}
 Output

The value in x[0][0] is 1

The value in x[0][1] is 50
The value in x[1][0] is 2
The value in x[1][1] is 75
The value in x[2][0] is 3
The value in x[2][1] is 65

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Matrix Addition
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k,r1,r2,c1,c2;
int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5];
clrscr();
step1:
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix A:");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix B: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2);
if((c1==c2)&&(r1==r2))
goto step2;
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
else
goto step1;
 step2:
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix A \n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix B \n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
scanf("\t%d",&b[i][j]);
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
}
}
 for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
}
printf("\n The resultant matrix after addition of A & B is\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
}
 Output
Enter the size of matrix A: 2
2
Enter the size of matrix B: 2
2
Enter the elements of matrix A
2
2
2
2
Enter the elements of matrix B
3
3
3
3
The resultant matrix after addition of A&B is
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
5 5
5 5
 Matrix Multiplication
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k,r1,r2,c1,c2;
int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5];
clrscr();
step1:
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix A \n");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("\n Enter the size of matrix B \n");
scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2);
if(c1==r2)
goto step2;
else
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
goto step1;
 step2:
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix A \n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix B \n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
scanf("\t%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
 for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<c1;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
printf("\n");
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT }
getch();
 Output
Enter the size of matrix A:2
2
Enter the size of matrix B:2
2
Enter the elements of matrix A
4
4
4
4
Enter the elements of matrix B
4
4
4
4
The resultant matrix is
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
32 32
32 32
 Enter the size of matrix A:2
3
Enter the size of matrix B:3
2
Enter the elements of matrix A
1
2
3
4
5
6
Enter the elements of matrix B
2
4
6
8
2
4
The resultant matrix is
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
20 32
50 80
 Passing array to Function

 An array can be passed as a parameter to a function by

specifying the array's name without an index.
 Here an array is transferred as parameter to a function.

void main() void fun(n,b[])

{ {
void fun(int,int); int x,b[5];
int a[5],n; …………..
…………… …………..
fun(n,a);
…………… }
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
}
 Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void add(int,int b[]);
void main()
{
int a[5],i,n;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the Number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter the Values: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT add(n,a);
}
 void add(int x,int b[])
{
int sum=0,i;
for(i=0;i<x;i++)
sum=sum+b[i];
printf("\nThe sum is: %d",sum);
}

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Output

Enter the Number: 5

Enter the Values: 1

2
3
4
5

The sum is: 15

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
 Array of Characters

 In an array the characters are terminated by the null (‘\0’) character.

 Example: char a[]={a,b,c};

a b c \0

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
char a[]="abcd";
clrscr();
while(a[i]!='\0')
{
printf("\t%c",a[i]);
i++;
}
}
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
 Output

a b c d

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Multi Dimensional Array

 Arrays can have more than one dimension, these arrays-

of-arrays are called multidimensional arrays.

 Here is the general form of a multidimensional array

declaration:
datatype array_name [size1][size2]….[size n]

datatype - type of the data.

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

array_name -name of the array.
size -size of the array.
  They are very similar to standard arrays with the exception that they
have multiple sets of square brackets after the array identifier.

 A two dimensional array can be thought of as a grid of rows and

columns.

 A two-dimensional array is an example in this section, although the

techniques can be extended to three or more dimensions.

 The simplest form of the multidimensional array is the two-dimensional

array.

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Example:

int a[3][3][3];

Col 0 Col 1 Col 2

row 0 X[0][0] X[0][1] X[0][2]
row 1 X[1][0] X[1][1] X[1][2]

row 2 X[2][0] X[2][1] X[2][2]

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

C program to calculate the mean,
variance & standard deviation

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define MAXSIZE 10

void main()
{
float x[MAXSIZE];
int i, n;
float average, variance, std_deviation, sum = 0, sum1 = 0;

printf("Enter the value of N \n");

scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d real numbers \n", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
scanf("%f", &x[i]); }
 /* Compute the sum of all elements */
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{ sum = sum + x[i]; }
average = sum / (float)n;
/* Compute variance and standard deviation */
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
sum1 = sum1 + pow((x[i] - average), 2);
}
variance = sum1 / (float)n;
std_deviation = sqrt(variance);
printf("Average of all elements = %.2f\n", average);
printf("variance of all elements = %.2f\n", variance);
printf("Standard deviation = %.2f\n", std_deviation);
}
Output

Enter the value of N 5

Enter 5 real numbers 34 88 32 12 10
Average of all elements = 35.20
variance of all elements = 794.56
Standard deviation = 28.19
 STRINGS

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 String
 The string is actually a one-dimensional array of characters
which is terminated by a null character '\0'.

 All the string handling functions are prototyped in: string.h

header file. So while using any string related function, don't
forget to include string.h.

 String constants have double quote marks around them.

 String constants can be assigned to a char array either

with no size specified, or the size can also be specified, but
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
don't forget to leave a space for the null character.
 String Handling Functions
 Strings are often needed to be manipulated by the programmer
according to the need of a problem. Hence, C provides a variety
of string handling functions.

 String handling functions refers to a group of functions

implementing various operations on strings.

 Some of the operations performed by the string handling functions

includes:
› Length (number of characters in the string).
› Concatenation (adding two are more strings)
› Comparing two strings.
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT › Substring (Extract substring from a given string)
› Copy(copies one string over another)
  The various string handling functions supported by C are as
follows:

 strlen()
It is used to find the length of the string.
syntax:
strlen(string)
 strcpy()
It is used to copy one string to another.
syntax:
strcpy(string1,string2)
 strcat()
It is used to combine two strings.
syntax:
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
strcat(string1,string2)
  strcmp()
It is used to compare two strings.
syntax:
strcmp(string1,string2)
 Returns 0 if two strings are equal.
 Return value <0 if s1 is less than s2.
 Return value >0 if s1 is greater than s2.

 strrev()
It used to reverse a string.
syntax:
strrev(string)

 strlwr(), strupr()
It used to change the case of a string.
syntax:
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT strlwr(string)
strupr(string)
  strncpy()
It used to copy ‘n’ characters of one string to another.

 strstr()
It is used to determine the first occurrence of a given string in another string.

 strncat()
It appends source string to destination string up to specified length.

 strspn()
It is used to find up to what length two strings are identical.

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

  strncmp()
It is used to compare ‘n’ character of two strings.

 strcmpi()
It is used to compare two strings without regarding the case.

 strnicmp()
It is used to compare first ‘n’ characters of two strings
without regarding the case.

 strchr()
It is used to determine the first occurrence of a given
character in a string.

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 strrchr()
It is used to determine the last occurrence of a given
 Example 1
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[]="college";
int b;
clrscr();
b=strlen(a);
printf("\nThe length of the string is %d",b);
getch();
}

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

Output:
The length of the string is 7
 Example 2
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[ ]="IT";
char b[ ]="Dept";
clrscr();
strcpy(a,b);
printf("\nThe string is %s",a);
getch();
}

Output:
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
The string is Dept
 Example 3
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[ ]="IT";
char b[ ]="Dept";
clrscr();
strcat(a,b);
printf("\nThe string is %s",a);
getch();
}

Output:
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
The string is ITDept
 Example 4
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[ ]="itdept";
char b[ ]="it";
int i;
clrscr();
i=strcmp(a,b);
if(i==0)
printf("\nstrings are equal:%d",i);
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
else if(i<0)
printf("\nstring1 is less than string2:%d",i);
 else
printf("\nstring1 is greater than string2:%d",i);
getch();
}

Output:
string1 is greater than string2:100

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Example 5
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[ ]="itdept";
clrscr();
printf("\nThe string is :%s",a);
strupr(a);
printf("\nThe string after conversion to uppercase :%s",a);
strlwr(a);
printf("\nThe string after conversion to lowercase :%s",a);
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT getch();
}
 Output

The string is : itdept

The string after conversion to uppercase :ITDEPT
The string after conversion to lowercase : itdept

PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT

 Example 6
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[ ]="Dept";
clrscr();
printf("\nThe string is %s",strrev(a));
getch();
}

Output:
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT The string is tpeD
 Example 7
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char a[ ]="itdept";
char b[15];
int i=0;
clrscr();
strncpy(b,a,2);
b[2]='\0';
printf("\nThe string is :%s",b);
getch();
}
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
Output:
The string is :it
 String Palindrome

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int len,i,j;
char str[15];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the string:");
scanf("%s",str);
len=strlen(str);
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
 for(i=0,j=len-1;i<len/2;i++,j--)
{
if(str[i]!=str[j])
{
printf("\n The String is not a palindrome");
getch();
exit(0);
}
}
printf("\n The String is a palindrome");
getch();
}

Output:
PREETHA V AP/CSE, SRIT
Enter the string: abcba
The String is a palindrome
PREETHA V - AP/CSE, SRIT.