MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Presentation for Purposive Communication Class

 Aristotle’s Model of Communication

These models represents communication as an orator to

a large audience. Speaker plays an important role in
communication.

SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE

Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the

communication process: speaker, speech, and audience
as illustrated in the communication flow above.
Note that the speaker variable here is very
important. Without the speaker, there will
be no speech to be produced. Depending
on the profile of the audience, the speaker
adjusts his/her speech.

Some considerations for the audience

demographics are age, sex, background,
culture, race, religion, gender, social and
economic status, and political orientation or
inclination, among others.

Even beliefs, views, and attitudes also play

an important role when talking about
audience consideration since oftentimes,
the audience bring these with them when
they decode a message in any given
situation.
 President Duterte
gave brave speech
EXAMP to his soldiers in
the war field to
LE defeat the ISIS-
inspired Maute
Group.
LINEAR
MODELS
 Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
In 1948, Claude Elwood Shannon was an American mathematician,
Electronic engineer and Warren Weaver was an American scientist. Both of them
join together to write an article in “Bell System Technical Journal” called “A
Mathematical Theory of Communication” and also called as “Shannon-Weaver
model of communication”.

This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between

sender and receiver. Also they find factors which affect the communication process
called “Noise”. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical
communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication.
 • Sender :The originator of message or
the information source selects desire
message
• Encoder : The transmitter which converts
the message into signals
• Decoder : The reception place of the
signal which converts signals into
message. A reverse process of encode
• Receiver : The destination of the message
from sender
Elements • Noise: The messages are transferred from
encoder to decoder through channel.
During this process the messages may
distracted or affected by physical noise like
horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or
encoded signals may distract in the
channel during the transmission process
which affect the communication flow or
the receiver may not receive the correct
message
Berlo’s Communication Model
 The major variables involved in The second variable which is
Berlo’s the communication process are
(1) source, (2) message, (3)
message includes (1) content;
(2) elements such as the
Communicatio channel, and (4) receiver. language used, and gestures
employed; (3) treatment or
n Model The source being the originator
of the message acts as the
how the message is
transmitted; and (4) structure
encoder. As such, the encoder which refers to the
should practice communication arrangement of parts or flow
skills such as listening, speaking, of the message.
reading, and writing. His/Her
attitude towards the audience or The code shows how the
the subject as well as his/her message is sent that is, the
knowledge about the topic on language (verbal code) used,
hand likewise counts along with and the accompanying
the social system that he/she is gestures (non-verbal code)
in which includes values, beliefs employed. Note that there
and practices, and culture. should be no mismatch
between the verbal and non-
verbal codes.
 The third variable which is This model believes that
Berlo’s channel refers to the for an effective
Communicatio different senses: seeing,
hearing, smelling, tasting,
communication to take
place the source and the
n Model and touching. receiver needs to be in
the same level, only if
the source and receiver
Finally, the fourth variable are on the same level
is receiver, the one who communication will
decodes the message. happen or take place
Note that the components properly. So source and
of this last variable are like receiver should be
those of the first since for similar
communication to be
effective, both the source
and the receiver should
have good communication
skills.
NON-LINEAR
MODELS
Lasswell’s Communication Model

Harold Dwight Lasswell, the American political scientist states that

a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer
the following questions
• Who
• Says What
• In Which Channel
• To Whom
• With what effect?
 Surveillance of the
environment

Accoding to
Correlation of
Laswell, there are components of
three Functions for society
Communication:

Cultural transmission
between generation
It suggests the message flow in a multicultural society with multiple
audiences. The flow of message is through various channels.

communication = “Control Analysis”,

says = “Content Analysis”,
channel = “Media Analysis”,
To Whom = “Audience Analysis”
With What Effect = “Effect Analysis”
 SCHRAMM’S
INTERACTIVE Wilbur Schramm (1954) was one of the first
to alter the mathematical model of Shannon
MODEL and Weaver.

It is a Circular Model, so that communication

is something circular in nature.

This model breaks the sender and receiver

model it seems communication in a
practical way. It is not a traditional model.

It can happen within our self or two people;

each person acts as both sender and
receiver and hence use interpretation. It is
simultaneously take place e.g. encoding,
interpret and decoding.
 “If there is no
commonality in the
sender and receiver Schramm
field of experience. Communication
Model
Then, communication
does not take place.”
 Helical Model
of
Communication
In 1967, Frank Dance proposed
the communication model called
Dance's Helix Model for a better
communication process.
The name helical comes from
"Helix” which means an object
having a three-dimensional shape
like that of a wire wound
uniformly around a cylinder or
cone. He shows communication as
a dynamic and non-linear process
 As like helix, the communication process starts very
slowly and defined small circle.

Communicators share information only with small

portion of themselves to their relationships.

Helical Its gradually develops into next level but which will
take some time to reach and expanding its
Model of boundaries to the next level.

Communi Later the communicators commit more and share

more portions themselves.
cation
The process is evolutionary.

It is dependent on its past.

Westley and •In 1957 Westley and
MacLean’s model of
MacLean’s communication is proposed
by Bruce Westley (1915-
Model of 1990) and Malcolm S.
MacLean Jr (1913- 2001).
Communicatio Being one of the creators of
n journalism studies, Westley
served as a teacher at the
University of Wisconsin,
Madison, between 1946 and
1968. Malcolm was director
of University of Journalism
School (1967-74) and co
founder of the University
College at University of
Minnesota.
• This model can be seen two
contexts, interpersonal and mass
communication. The point of
difference between interpersonal
and mass communication is the
feedback. In interpersonal, the
feedback is direct and fast.
• In the mass, the feedback is
indirect and slow. Westely and
Maclean realized that
communication does not begin
when one person starts to talk,
but rather when a person
responds selectively to his/her
physical surroundings.

• It is a strong relation between

responds from surroundings and
the process of communication.
• Communication begins only when
a person receives message from
surroundings. Each receiver
responds to the message they
received based on their object of
orientation.