18MEO103T – Energy systems for Buildings

Unit – III Lighting Systems of Buildings

Energy consumption breakdown
Energy efficient lighting is necessary
• To reduce electricity consumption thereby reducing the electricity bills
• To save electricity rather than wasting it in terms of losses
• To lower greenhouse emissions because conventional lamps cause
CO2 emissions
• To achieve peak load reduction.
• Glare is a result of excessive contrast, or of light
coming from the wrong direction.
• The contrast between the bright outside
environment viewed through a window and the
darkness of the interior space creates glare.
• Glare results in discomfort and eye fatigue as the eye
repeatedly readjusts from one lighting condition to
another.
Day lighting
• The manner in which daylight enters and distributes itself in a
room depends on the size and location of openings, type of
glazing, configuration of the room, and reflective properties of
walls, ceiling, and other surfaces.
• The intensity of daylight and the daylight factor also depends on
the height and the location of the opening on a wall; the
intensity reduces as the distance from the opening increases.
Day light factor:
• A daylight factor (DF) is the ratio of the
light level inside a structure to the light
level outside the structure.
• It is defined as: DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100%
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects
• The provision of ample light in a building is of primary significance as it serves two purposes, namely, for illumination and for
granting hygienic conditions.
• Lighting should be planned in a manner as to create mood or atmosphere and should be complete.
NATURAL LIGHT
• The primary source of lighting for daylighting is the sun.
• The light received by the earth from the sun consists of two parts, namely, direct solar illuminance and sky illuminance.
• For the purpose of daylighting design, direct solar illuminance shall not be considered and only sky illuminance shall be
taken as contributing to the illuminance of the building interiors during the day.
Depends on the sky’s illuminance
• Altitude of the sun
• Altitude of the locality
• The day of the year
• Time of the day

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• Where the recommended luminance levels have to be obtained by artificial lighting only.
• To supplement daylighting when the level of illumination falls below the recommended value.
• Where visual tasks may demand a higher level of illumination.
 This effort has changed in three major directions:
1. The development of new energy-efficient lighting equipment
2. The utilization of improved lighting design practice
3. The improvement in lighting control systems.

Occupancy sensors serve three basic functions:

1. To automatically turn lights on when a person enters the room,
2. To keep the lights on while the controlled space is occupied
3. To turn the lights off within a predefined time interval if the room is unoccupied.
Concepts of day lighting
Components of daylight factor
• Daylight Factor (DF) consists of three components: Sky Component (SC), External
Reflection Factor (ERC), and Internal Reflection Factor (IRC).
• Daylighting is usually considered on a horizontal plane since the work plane is horizontal (flooring, seating
areas, work areas, etc.).
• Factors in vertical planes are also considered for specifying daylighting values for special cases. For
example, vertical daylighting is necessary for classrooms for illuminating noticeboards, blackboards,
pictures, and paintings that are hung on the wall.
Daylight Redirection
Principle of daylighting
• Balancing heat gain and heat loss throughout the envelope is a
primary factor for the design concept.
LIGHT SOURCES

Abbreviations:
LED (light-emitting diode),
OLED (organic light-emitting diodes),
CFL (compact fluorescent lamp),
HPS (high-pressure sodium),
and ESL (electron-stimulated luminescence)
In choosing a lamp, the three major characteristics are efficacy (lumens
per watt), color rendering (CRI), and the life of the lamp. To make
comparisons easier, all three characteristics are shown side by side.
The efficiency requirements of various codes for offices
 Optical materials
• Optical materials are substances used to manipulate the flow of light. This
can include reflecting, absorbing, focusing, or splitting an optical beam. The
efficiency of a specific material at each task is strongly wavelength-dependent.
Optical properties of matter include:
• Refractive index - the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is a
dimensionless number that gives the indication of the light-bending ability of that medium.
• Dispersion – This phenomenon of white light splitting up into its constituent colors is termed as
dispersion.
• Transmittance and Transmission coefficient - Transmittance of the surface of a material is its
effectiveness in transmitting radiant energy.
• Absorption - Example: Absorption of water in a sponge.
• Scattering - A change in the direction of motion of a particle because of a collision with another
particle.
• Turbidity - Turbidity is the measure of the relative clarity of a liquid.
• Reflectance and Reflectivity (reflection coefficient) - The reflectance of the surface of a material
is its effectiveness in reflecting radiant energy.
• Albedo - Albedo is the portion of solar energy reflected from the surface of the Earth back into
space.
Dispersion
 Factors affecting lighting system design
• Use of high-efficacy light source
• Use of more efficient luminaries
• Selective switching
• Utilization of daylight
• Luminaries of higher space-to-height ratio
• Higher reflectance surfaces of the room (caution)
• Visual task analysis
• Task-oriented lighting.
Efficacy
 Lighting system design
Artificial Lighting Design
Artificial lighting may have to be provided,
• where the recommended illumination levels have to be obtained by artificial lighting only
• to supplement daylighting when the level of illumination falls below the recommended value
• where visual task may demand a higher level of illumination

A lighting design has several stages. Which are:

1. Identification of the requirements for the lighting system, illuminance levels, colour requirements, available space,
etc;
2. Selection of equipment, lamps, luminaires: lamps, which influence the lighting level, colour characteristics and
efficiency of the lighting system; luminaires affect the efficiency with which the light is distributed and so affect
lighting efficiency and uniformity
3. Design of the lighting system: lighting systems are designed to achieve a reasonably uniform distribution of light on a
particular plane (usually horizontal), avoidance of glare with a minimum expenditure of energy. The most rudimentary
form of lighting design is done using a manual calculation – the lumen method. However lighting design is increasingly
done by computer.
4. System control: once a lighting system has been designed it can be controlled in such a way as to make maximum use
of available daylight, through selection of appropriate switching mechanisms and daylight responsive controls.
 Types of Lighting Controls
Occupancy Sensors
Occupancy sensors work off of sound or motion control – they automatically dim or switch lights off when an
area has not been occupied for a specified amount of time and switch lights back on when motion is detected.
This can result in 35-45 percent energy savings.

Passive infra-red (PIR) sensor that detects even

slight motion. A Fresnel lens gives the sensor a
panoramic view.
 Types of Lighting Controls
Occupancy Sensors
 Types of Lighting Controls
Task Lighting
Use different lighting system/lamps for different tasks
 Types of Lighting Controls
ON/OFF
Switching off the light when not in use
Recommended Illuminance level
Recommended Illuminance level
 DAYLIGHT INTEGRATED
BUILDINGS
DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS

Day lighting systems enhance the

livability of interior spaces and extend
the sustainability of the built
environment through a reduced
reliance on electric lighting.
 SCOPE OF DAYLIGHTING

• Improved light quality

• Better occupant comfort and health

• Labor cost savings

• Light load reduction

• Energy cost savings

DAYLIGHT DESIGNING CONCEPT
Step 1 : Design basis
Step 2 : Building orientation and form
Step 3 : Daylighting the perimeter
Step 4 : Daylighting the core
Step 5 : Window and glazing selection
Step 6 : Shading and visual comfort
Step 7 : optimizing day lighting design
Step 8 : Mechanical co-ordination
Step 9 : Auxiliary lighting integration
Step 10 : Commissioning and maintenance
DESIGN BASIS
• It is necessary to define required light levels and lighting
power densities (LPD) for each area in the building.

• Lighting Power Density (LPD) is a measure of the amount

of electric lighting installed in a space. It is expressed in
units of lighting power to be supplied by the luminaire
(Watt) divided by the area of the space to be lit (m 2).

• Identify areas/zones where daylighting will be most

beneficial.
BUILDING ORIENTATION
• The position of the sun varies according to the time of
day and season.
• The building must be located and oriented to take
advantage of this movement.
• Sun path charts show the variation in the sun’s
position.
• These charts can be used to determine the impact of
shading on a building.
• Site building to maximize daylight availability.
 BUILDING ORIENTATION
• Maximize southern exposure: The south facade allows the most daylight
access and the best control of excess solar gain in the summer. This is the
most desirable fact for daylighting and is best suited for rooms where
variability in light levels is acceptable.
• Optimize northern exposure: Although daylight exposure is less abundant
on the north side, larger buildings where light uniformity and quality is key,
large north-facing glazing areas can minimize electric light use.
• Minimize east-west exposure: It is difficult to control daylight penetration
on the east and west facades because of low sun angles. Daylight variability
is high since these orientations provide only half-day exposure to sunlight.
• Use different glazing treatments on each facade: If possible, vary the
glazing selection by facade. For example, the use of a glazing with a lower
solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC).
BUILDING FORM
• Place service areas in central core.
• Maximize perimeter exposure to daylight
• Select room depth to correspond with daylighting zone.
• Use low-rise buildings for greater daylight access.
• Use atria to maximize core daylight.
• Do not oversize atria.
• Use atria as buffer spaces.
• Place interior windows or openings into atria
• Place windows on two walls.
• Incorporate exterior features to increase daylight entry.
 DAYLIGHTING THE PERIMETER
(B) LIGHT SHELVES
(A) WINDOW PLACEMENT • Use interior and exterior light shelves
• Use light shelves for shading.
• Use strip windows for uniform • Use a light surface colour for ceilings and light
office lighting shelf.
• Match location of work areas with
windows.
• Use low-e argon-filled windows C) INTERIOR DESIGN AND SPACE LAYOUT
• Use separate apertures for view • Arrange furniture for maximum daylight access
and daylight. • Position dividers/partitions to enhance
• Do not oversize windows daylighting
• Use a sloped ceiling to increase • Avoid using dark colours
window height • Avoid reflective surface finishes
• Ensure glazing area is visible
• Use horizontal, not vertical,
windows
 STRIP WINDOWS FOR UNIFORM LIGHTING SLOPED CEILING PROVIDES MORE UNIFORM LIGHT

SEPARATE APERTURES FOR VIEW AND DAYLIGHT. DIVIDED WINDOW PROVIDES FOR VIEW AND DAYLIGHT

CLEAR

TINT
EXTERIOR LIGHT SHELVES

INTERIOR LIGHT SHELVES

DAYLIGHTING THE CORE
IMPROVED LIGHT DISTRIBUTION IN LONG SPACES WITH TOPLIGHTING

USE SLOPED SKYLIGHTS. LIGHT DIFFUSION AFTER ENTERING SKYLIGHT

Summer
Winter
SEASONAL USE OF SHADES WITH SKYLIGHTS

Summer

Winter

REFLECTIVE ROOF USED WITH CLERESTORY

Reflective roof
SUNCATCHER BATTLES WITH EAST/WEST
CLERESTORIES

After noon
Morning
 Structural Glazing can be simply defined as a continuous system of bonding specialized glass to an aluminum frame using
specialized silicone sealants.

Advantage:
• In structural glazing the two materials predominantly used are glass and aluminum, which neither corrode nor decay
when comparing other conventional building materials like wood, iron, steel, etc.
• Glass is an excellent material for thermal insulation, waterproofing, and energy conservation.
• The glass is a bad conductor of heat, hence it saves energy in the air conducting the building.
• An easy-to-clean surface
Structural glazing benefits

• Lightweight
• Excellent exterior characteristic
• Weather ability
• Vibration Damping
• Sound insulation
• Heat insulation
 WINDOW AND GLAZING SELECTION

• Reducing Window U-value

• Use low U-value windows to reduce building heating load
• Use multiple layers of glazing.
• Consider the use of film technologies
• Use inert gas fills
• Use low-e coatings for most applications
• Use low U-V transmission glazing's where space contents are valuable
• Use blue/green or spectrally-selective glazings over grey and reflective
glazings
• Avoid reflective glass
 SHADING AND VISUAL CONTROL
EXTERIOR SHADING TECHNIQUES
• Use exterior shading devices to control solar gains
• Use vegetation as seasonal shading devices
• Use screens to diffuse direct sunlight
• Paint overhangs white to reflect light
• Use vertical or horizontal louvers
• Use movable shading devices.
 EXTERIOR SHADING TECHNIQUES

EFFECTIVE USE OF VEGETATION FOR SHADING OVERHANG TO INCREASE LIGHT DIFFUSION

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LOUVERS TO RE-DIRECT SUNLIGHT

 INTERIOR SHADING TECHNIQUES
• venetian blinds or outdoor louvers
• Use light coloured shades
 Luminaire performance parameters

1. Rated input power (P in W)

2. Rated luminous flux (Φ in lm)
3. Rated luminous efficacy (η in lm/W)
4. Rated luminous intensity distribution (in cd or cd/klm)
5. Rated correlated color temperature (Tcp in K)
6. Rated color rendering index (CRI)
7. Ambient temperature related to the performance of the luminaire (tq in
˚C)
8. Rated median useful life (Lx in hours with x for the associated rated
luminous flux maintenance factor in %)
9. Rated abrupt failure value (in %)
Selection of lighting equipment:
 Lightning calculation method

Room Index- It is based on shape and size of the room. It describes the ratios of the room’s length, width and
height. It’s usually between 0.75 to 5.

Maintenance Factor:
It is ratio of the lamp lumen output after a particular interval of time as compared to when it was new.
Utilization Factor
Utilization factor (UF) is the ratio of total lumens received on the working plane to the total lumens emitted by the light
source.

Utilization factor =Lumens received on the working plane/Lumens emitted by the lamp

It depends upon
The efficiency of luminaire
The luminaire distribution
The geometry of the space
Room reflectance’s
Polar curve
 EXAMPLE 1:
An office has a length of 20m, width=10m, and height=3m.
1) Ceiling to desk height is 2m.
2) Area to be illuminated to a general is 250 lux using a twin lamp 32-watt CFL Luminaire with an SHR of 1.25.
3) Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumens per watt.
4) Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilisation factor is 0.69
Determine the room index and the number of lamps required.

EXAMPLE 2:
The office measures 10*7 m with a floor-to-ceiling height of 3m. The working plane height is 0.8m. The office is being used
for general office duties including some computer use. Determine the number of luminaires required in this office.