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Part 2 Separation Engineering

The document discusses the theory and design of liquid-liquid extraction processes. It covers single stage and multistage counter-current extraction, including material balances, equilibrium relationships, and methods for determining solvent requirements. It also discusses analytical equations for determining the number of theoretical stages, operating lines, and tower height for extraction columns. Examples are provided to demonstrate how these design methods are applied.

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NOR HIDAWATI ELIAS
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54 views35 pages

Part 2 Separation Engineering

The document discusses the theory and design of liquid-liquid extraction processes. It covers single stage and multistage counter-current extraction, including material balances, equilibrium relationships, and methods for determining solvent requirements. It also discusses analytical equations for determining the number of theoretical stages, operating lines, and tower height for extraction columns. Examples are provided to demonstrate how these design methods are applied.

Uploaded by

NOR HIDAWATI ELIAS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIQUID-

LIQUID
EXTRACTION
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
1. Explain the basic theory & principle of LLE.
2. Demonstrate the LLE under batch &
continuous mode.
3. Calculate number of theoretical stages and
height equivalent to a theoretical stage using
theory as well as graphical methods.
4. Discuss industrial LLE equipment.
Single-stage
Extraction
Single-stage Extraction
O Referring to Fig. 10.12 (Treybal), it is a bit different as
compared to Fig. 23.7 (McCabe).
O But not for the orientation of extract phase (left) & raffinate
phase (right).
O Fig. 10.12 shows the extraction of component C from A by
using solvent B.

i. Total material balance:

ii. Material balance on


C:
Single-stage Extraction
iii. Amount of solvent to provide a given location for M1 on the line
FS: Combining EQ 10.4 & 10.5:

iv. The quantities of extract and


raffinate:

O Min amount of solvent by locating M1 @


D.
O Max amount of solvent by locating M1 @
K
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
O Referring to Fig. 10.14  Continuous / batch processes.
O Raffinate from the previous stage will be the feed for the
next stage.
O The raffinate is contacted with fresh solvent.
O The extract can be combined to provide the composited
extract.
i. Total balance for any stage, n:

ii. Material balance on


C:
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Tutorial 2:
If 100 kg of a solution of acetic acid (C) and H2O (A)
containing 30 % acid is to be extracted three times with
isopropyl ether (B) at 20 °C, using 40 kg of solvent in each
stage.

1. Determine the quantities and compositions of the various


streams.
2. How much solvent would be required if the same final
raffinate concentration were to be obtained with one
stage?

The equilibrium data at 20 °C are listed below. [Trans. AIChE, 36, 628
(1940), with permission].
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Solution 2 a):
The horizontal rows give the concentration in equilibrium
solutions. The system is of the type shown in Fig. 10.9a,
except that the tie lines slope downward the B apex. The
rectangular coordinates of Fig. 10.9b will be used, but
only for acid concentrations up to x = 0.30. These plotted in
Fig. 10.15.
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
Multistage Counter-current
Extraction
O If an extraction to give the same final raffinate
concentration x = 0.20.
O It must be done in one stage, the point M would be at the
intersection of tie line R3E3 and line FS of Fig 10.15.
O So, XM= 0.12.
O The solvent required would then be, by EQ. 10.6:

O S1 = 100(0.30 – 0.12)/(0.12 – 0) = 150 kg.


O 150 kg of solvent is required for single stage extraction.
O 120 kg of solvent is required in the three-stage extraction.
Design Towers for
Extraction (Geankoplis 4th edition)
1) Operating-line equation for relatively immiscible liquids.

O The liquid feed stream (L) and the solvent stream (V) are
relatively immiscible in each other.
O Solute A is relatively dilute in both stream.
O Outlet feed stream is raffinate, outlet solvent stream is extract.
O Overall material balance for countercurrent extraction EQ.
5: �1
� ′ �1−+ �′( )=� ′ � 1 + � ′ 1−�
�
1
1−� 1−�
�
1
L’ = kg feed B/h
V’ = kg
solvent/h
y = mass fraction A in solvent V
stream x = mass fraction A in feed L
stream
Design Towers for
Extraction (Geankoplis 4th edition)
2) Limiting solvent flows and optimum L’/V’ ratios Fig. (a) & (b):

O The inlet feed flow L2 and its composition x2, are usually set.
O x1 in the raffinate (L1) set by designer, y1 in the raffinate (V1) is
generally fixed by process requirements.
O Hence, the entering flow V1 or V’ is open to choice.
O x1, x2 and y1 are set. When the operating line has a max slope,
touches the equilibrium line at point P, then the solvent flow is at
a minimum at V’min. The y2 is at max of y2,max.
O For absorption and stripping, flow rate is taken as 1.2-1.5 times
V’min.
O If equilibrium line is curved/concave upward, V’min is a tangent to the
equilibrium line.
Design Towers for
Extraction (Geankoplis 4th edition)
Design Towers for
Extraction (Geankoplis 4th edition)
3) Operating-line equation for relatively immiscible liquids:

O Analytical equations for number of trays, EQ. 6:


� 2 −�
𝑙 � (1−�)
�
1
+�� 1 −
� 1
1
,
ln( )
= � �

A = L/mV, A1 = L1/m1V1, A2 = L2/m2V2 , A = √A1A2

O Performance of tower when given of theoretical steps, EQ.


7: 1 �+ 1
�2 − �1 ( �) 1 − ( �
= 1
�2 − � �+ )
( 1) −
�1 �
1
Design Towers for
Extraction (Geankoplis 4th edition)
3) Operating-line equation for relatively immiscible liquids:

O Analytical equations for number of trays, EQ. 6:


� 2 −�
𝑙 � (1−�)
�
1
+�� 1 −
� 1
1
,
ln( )
= � �

A = L/mV, A1 = L1/m1V1, A2 = L2/m2V2 , A = √A1A2

O Performance of tower when given of theoretical steps, EQ.


7: 1 �+ 1
�2 − �1 ( �) 1 − ( �
= 1
�2 − � �+ )
( 1) −
�1 �
1
Design Towers for
Extraction (Geankoplis 4th edition)
3) Tower height:

O z, height tower, EQ.


8: � = ������

O If operating and equilibrium lines are straight and dilute, EQ.


9:
(� 1 −� 2 )
� � � =
(�∗ − � ) �
�∗1 − � 1 −(�∗2 )
where (�∗ − � ) � −�
2
; = �∗1 − � 1
�∗2 −�2

]
Design Towers for
Extraction (Geankoplis 4th edition)
O For V phase, EQ.
10:
�� = (�1 −
�
(� −
�2)�∗)�
O If operating and equilibrium lines are curve, EQ.
11:
1 � 2 −�
� � � (1−� ln[ (1 − �) 1( �� ) +
� 1 −�
= ) �] 1

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