Servlets:

Introduction to Servlets
Ethan Cerami
New York University

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 1

Road Map
 Servlet Architecture Overview
 Servlets in Context
 Other options for server side development
 Advantages of Servlets
 Introduction to Java Server Pages
(JSP)
 Servlets v. JSP

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 2

Architectural Overview

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 3

What is a Servlet?
 Java’s answer to the Common Gateway
Interface (CGI).
 Applet: a java program that runs within
the web browser.
 Servlet: a java program that runs within
the web server.
 Rapidly becoming the standard for
building web applications.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 4

Life of a Servlet
 Regardless of the application, servlets
usually carry out the following routine:
2) Read any data sent by the user
 Capture data submitted by an HTML form.
3) Look up any HTTP information
 Determine the browser version, host name of
client, cookies, etc.
4) Generate the Results
 Connect to databases, connect to legacy
applications, etc.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 5

Life of a Servlet (cont.)
1) Format the Results
 Generate HTML on the fly
2) Set the Appropriate HTTP headers
 Tell the browser the type of document
being returned or set any cookies.
3) Send the document back to the client

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 6

Life of a Servlet
Database

1,2
Web Web Java
Browser 6 Server 4,5 Servlet

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 7

What can you build with Servlets?
 Search Engines
 Personalization Systems
 E-Commerce Applications
 Shopping Carts
 Product Catalogs
 Intranet Applications
 Groupware Applications: bulletin boards, file
sharing, etc.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 8

Servlets in Context

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 9

Server Side Options
 There are many options for creating server
side applications.
 We will examine some of these options
briefly.
 This better enables us to understand servlets
within the broader context of web
development.
 Also enables us to better understand the
advantages and disadvantages of servlets.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 10

Server Side Options
 Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
 Fast CGI
 Mod Perl
 ASP
 PHP
 Cold Fusion

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 11

Common Features
 All server side frameworks share a
common set of features:
 Read data submitted by the user
 Generate HTML dynamically based on
user input
 Determine information about the client
browser
 Access Database systems
 Exploit the HTTP protocol

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 12

Decision Points
 When evaluating which server side
framework to use, you need to consider a
number of critical factors:
 Ease of development:
 How easily can you build new applications?
 Performance:
 How fast can the framework respond to queries?
 Scalability:
 Can the framework scale to thousands, millions of
users?
 Security:
 Are there any inherent security vulnerabilities?

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 13

Option 1: CGI
 Represents one of the earliest, practical
methods for generating web content.
 Primarily written in the Perl
programming language.
 Unfortunately, traditional CGI programs
suffer from scalability and performance
problems.
 Let’s examine these two problems…

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 14

CGI Architecture
1) Browser initiates request
2) Web server receives the request.
3) For each request, web server spawns a new
operating system process to execute the CGI/Perl
Program.

Create
Web Web New process
Perl/CGI
Browser Server

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 15

CGI Architecture
 For each browser request, the web
server must spawn a new operating
system process.
Perl 1
Browser 1

Browser 2 Web
Server Perl 2
Browser N

Perl N
10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 16
CGI Architecture
 Spawning a new operating system
process for each request takes time
and memory.
 Hence, traditional CGI programs have
inherent performance and scalability
problems.
 Every other server architecture tries to
address these problems.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 17

Option 2: Fast CGI
 Developed by Open Market as an option for
developing faster, more scalable CGI programs.
 Fast CGI works by creating a pool of processes
for handling CGI requests.
 When a CGI request comes in, Fast CGI picks
one of the processes from the pool and assigns it
to the task.
 Without the overhead of creating new operating
system processes, FastCGI is much faster than
traditional CGI.
 For more information, see http://www.fastcgi.com

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 18

Option 3: Mod Perl
 A module of the Apache Web Server.
 Embeds the Perl interpreter directly within the
web server.
 Perl programs are therefore precompiled.
 Because Perl is embedded within the Server,
Mod Perl does not need to create a new process
for each request.
 Like FastCGI, Mod Perl is much faster than
traditional CGI.
 For more information, see: http://perl.apache.org

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 19

Option 4: ASP
 Active Server Pages
 Runs on Microsoft’s Web Server: Internet
Information Server (IIS)
 Programmers add ASP code directly into their
HTML pages.
 When a client requests a page, the Web
Server takes the HTML page, runs the ASP
code within the page, and returns a complete
HTML page.
 Faster than traditional CGI, but only works on
Microsoft IIS.
10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 20
Option 5: Cold Fusion
 Developed by Allaire Corporation (now owned
by Macromedia.)
 Provides excellent database access and
database tools.
 Great platform for rapid prototyping and rapid
development.
 For more information:
http://www.macromedia.com

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 21

Option 6: PHP
 An open source project written entirely
by volunteers
 Provides simple, but powerful database
access.
 Also great for rapid development.
 For additional information:
http://www.php.net

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 22

Advantages of Servlets

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 23

Advantages of Servlets
 Servlets have six main advantages:
 Efficient
 Convenient
 Powerful
 Portable
 Secure
 Inexpensive

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 24

Advantage 1: Efficient
 For each browser request, the servlet
spawns a light weight thread.
 This is faster and more efficient that
spawning a new operating system
process.
 Hence, servlets have better
performance and better scalability than
traditional CGI.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 25

Advantage 2: Convenient
 Servlets include built-in functionality for:
 Reading HTML form data
 Handling cookies
 Tracking user sessions
 Setting HTTP headers
 Java is object oriented

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 26

Advantage 3: Powerful
 Servlets can talk directly to the web
servers.
 Multiple servlets can share data:
 Particularly important for maintaining
database connections.
 Includes powerful techniques for
tracking user sessions.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 27

Advantage 4: Portable
 One of the advantages of Java is its
portability across different operating
systems.
 Servlets have the same advantages.
 You can therefore write your servlets on
Windows, then deploy them on UNIX.
 You can also run any of your servlets
on any Java-enabled web server, with
no code changes.
10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 28
Advantage 5: Secure
 Traditional CGI programs have a number
of known security vulnerabilities.
 Hence, you usually need to include a
separate Perl/CGI module to supply the
necessary security protection.
 Java has a number of built-in security
layers.
 Hence, servlets are considered more
secure than traditional CGI programs.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 29

Advantage 6: Inexpensive
 You can download free servlet kits for
development use.
 You can therefore get started for free!
 Nonetheless, production strength
servlet web servers can get quite
expensive.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 30

Java Server Pages

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 31

Java Server Pages
 Related to Java Servlets
 Can be used alone or in conjunction
with servlets
 Represent (yet) another method for
creating server side applications

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 32

Servlets v. JSP
 Servlets
 code looks like a regular Java program.
 JSP
 embed Java commands directly within
HTML
 Let’s examine a Servlet program next to
a JSP program…
 Each of these prints, “Hello, World!”

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 33

port java.io.*; A Java Servlet :
port javax.servlet.*; Looks like a regular
port javax.servlet.http.*; Java program

blic class HelloWorld extends HttpServlet {

ublic void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletRespon
hrows ServletException, IOException {
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();
out.println("<HTML>");
out.println("<HEAD><TITLE>Hello World</TITLE></HEAD>
out.println("<BODY>");
out.println("<BIG>Hello World</BIG>");
out.println("</BODY></HTML>");

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 34

 A JSP Page :
Looks like a regular
<html> HTML page.
<head>
<title>Hello, World JSP Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2> Hello, World!
The current time in milliseconds is
<%= System.currentTimeMillis() %>
</h2>
</body>
</html> Embedded Java
command to
print current time.
10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 35
Summary
 Servlet: a java program that runs within
the web server.
 Servlets have lots of advantages over
other server side scripting options.
 Servlets look like regular Java code with
some HTML.
 Java Server Pages look like HTML with
some Java.

10/17/08 Intro to Servlets 36