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Lecture - 6 - DC Microgrid

The document discusses the structure and control of DC microgrids. It describes three common topologies for DC microgrids: single-bus, multi-bus, and reconfigurable. For local control of converters in DC microgrids, proportional-integral controllers are commonly used for current and voltage control. Droop control is also used on top of inner control loops for current sharing. Coordinated control of DC microgrids can be decentralized, centralized, or distributed. Decentralized methods include distributed bus signaling and adaptive droop coefficient adjustment. Centralized control employs a central controller and communication network.

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Kashif Subhan
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54 views20 pages

Lecture - 6 - DC Microgrid

The document discusses the structure and control of DC microgrids. It describes three common topologies for DC microgrids: single-bus, multi-bus, and reconfigurable. For local control of converters in DC microgrids, proportional-integral controllers are commonly used for current and voltage control. Droop control is also used on top of inner control loops for current sharing. Coordinated control of DC microgrids can be decentralized, centralized, or distributed. Decentralized methods include distributed bus signaling and adaptive droop coefficient adjustment. Centralized control employs a central controller and communication network.

Uploaded by

Kashif Subhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DC Microgrid

Dr. Muhammad Aamir


PAF-IAST
Structure of Dc Microgrid
• Local control functions of these converters typically cover
the following:
• 1) current, voltage, and droop control for
each unit;
• 2) source-dependent functions, e.g., MPPT for photovoltaic
(PV) modules and wind turbines, or a state-of-charge (SoC)
estimation for ESSes;
• 3) decentralized coordination functions, such as local
adaptive calculation of VRs, distributed dc
bus signaling (DBS), or power line signaling (PLS)
DC-Microgrid
DC MG SYSTEM OVERVIEW
• In general, the topologies of dc MG can be
classified into three categories,
• Single-bus topology,
• Multi-bus topology,
• Reconfigurable topology
Single Bus Topology
Despite inherent dynamic stability of the
system, an uncontrollable voltage in the
common dc bus, which depends mostly
on the state of charge (SoC) and current
of the battery, limits its application only
to dense, singular bus systems

it suffers from the practical problem of


unregulated battery
charging as it needs to be performed
coordinately by a number
of paralleled converters that have inherent
imperfections in bus
voltage measurement
Bipolar Bus Topology
• A bipolar single regulated bus structure operates at ±170 V.
• The main benefit of this configuration is that load-side dc–dc converters have
an option to choose the source voltages between 340, +170, and -170 V.
• Therefore, the reliability of the system is increased since in case of failure of
one line, it is still possible to supply power by the other two lines and an
auxiliary converter
Multibus Topology
• Multibus configurations aiming at higher availability and reliability.
• An interesting topological modification for enhancing the reliability is based on the automated
hot-swap principle between more buses using the method of auctioneering diodes.
• In that particular work, the case of two redundant buses is analyzed. The location of
intervention is on the load side, where critical loads automatically select the bus to be
supplied from based on higher voltage.
• Similar strategy for selecting the most appropriate supply bus based on game-theoretic
approach.
• In that case, loads are more flexible to define the way of selecting desired bus, and several
objective functions are tested for that matter.
• Besides, simultaneous supply from multiple buses is possible in order to enhance the total
efficiency of the system.
• In this way, every MG is able to absorb or inject power from its neighboring MGs in case of
shortage or surplus of power, respectively.
• Depending on the configuration in which the MGs are connected, some corrupted buses can
be automatically isolated from the system in case of failure.
• Power exchanges between multiple dc buses are regulated by imposing appropriate local
voltage deviations.
Multiple Bus DC MG
LOCAL CONTROL IN DC MGS
• As a backbone of a dc MG, the interface converters play an important role in efficient and reliable
operation of the overall system.
• In order to ensure not only proper local operation, but also to enable coordinated interconnection
between different modules in a dc MG, flexible local current and voltage control should be
employed and accurate power sharing among parallel connected converters should be achieved.
• The basic local control diagram is shown in Fig. 3, including local current and voltage controllers,
and a droop control loop.
• For local dc current and voltage control systems in dc MGs, proportional-integral (PI) controllers are
commonly used since they introduce zero steady-state error, can be easily tuned, and are highly
robust [3].
• However, the use of other types of controllers, such as proportional derivative (PD), fuzzy and
boundary controllers has also been reported [43], [46]–[48].
• PD controllers can be used to improve the phase margin (PM) of the system, but they do not
eliminate steady-state error and also need to have high-frequency poles in order to attenuate the
high-frequency noise.
• Hence, rather than appearing in a pure PD form, the derivative term in a PD controller is usually
LOCAL CONTROL IN DC MGS
Control of DC Microgrid
Droop Control
• Droop control is commonly installed on top of inner loops, primarily for current sharing
purposes.
• Either output power or output current can be selected as the feedback signal in droop control .
• For dc MGs with power-type load, output power can be used as droop feedback, as shown in (1).
• vDC∗i = vDC∗ - mp·Poi

• On the other hand, when current signal is used, as shown in (2),


• vDC∗i = vDC∗ - mc·ioi
• Droop coefficient mc can be regarded as a virtual internal resistance.
• In that case, the implementation and design of the parallel converter system in a dc MG can be
simplified to some extent as the control law is linear [3].
• The principle of current-based droop control was also extensively used in distributed power
systems (DPS) for putting in parallel multiphase converters that supply computer CPUs.
• Here, droop control is commonly known as adaptive voltage positioning
• The calculations of references for voltage controller in the two aforementioned cases are as follows:

vDC ∗ i = vDC ∗ - mp · Poi (1)


vDC ∗ i = vDC ∗ - mc · ioi (2)
• where v∗DCi is the output of the droop controller, i.e., the reference value of dc output voltage of
the converter #i; vDC ∗ is the rated value of dc voltage; mp and mc are the droop coefficients in
power- and current-based droop controllers, while Poi and ioi are the output power and current of
converter #i, respectively.
• The values of droop coefficients have a profound effect on system stability and current sharing
accuracy.
• In general, the higher the droop coefficients, the more damped system is and the better accuracy of
current sharing.
• However, there exists a tradeoff since voltage deviation also increases.
• It should be noted that, apart from its effects on current sharing accuracy and stability, droop control
also has other system level repercussions. More precisely, with variations of droop coefficients, it
is possible to regulate power injection/absorption of other droop-controlled converters by imposing
desired voltage deviation in the common dc bus.
• For instance, the droop coefficients are designed and selected in order to achieve optimal
coordinated operation and to minimize the output current sharing error.
• Meanwhile, the average current is calculated and added as a feedback signal term into the dc
voltage reference to shift the I–V droop curve and reduce the large dc voltage deviation
COORDINATED CONTROL IN DC MGS

• Decentralized Control
• Centralized control
• Distributed control.
Decentralized Control
• Decentralized coordination strategies are achieved exclusively by
LCs.
• A number of decentralized methods that can coordinate the
performance of multiple converters in dc MGs.
• The most common ones are DBS, adaptive adjustment of droop
coefficients, and PLS.
• While their advantage is simplicity of control and independence
from digital communication technology, they inherently have
performance limitations due to lack of information from other units.
• Moreover, as these methods are invariably based on the
interpretation of the voltage in the common dc bus, the accuracy of
voltage sensors impacts their effectiveness and reliability.
Centralized Control
• Centralized control can be implemented in dc MGs by employing a CC and a digital
communication network to connect it with sources and loads
• For small-scale dc MGs, each unit can be directly controlled by the CC that
employs a high-bandwidth communication using a master/slave
approach.
• However, for larger scale dc MGs, hierarchical control is often a preferred choice
since it introduces a certain degree of independence between different control
levels.
• It is more reliable as it continues to be operational even in case
of failure of centralized control.
• Hierarchical control is achieved by simultaneously using local converter control and
DCL-based coordinated control, which are separated by at least an order of
magnitude in control bandwidth.
• Coordinated functions can include secondary/tertiary regulation of dc voltage,
power flow control, and different grid-interactive control objectives, such as
unit commitment, changing operating modes, global optimization aimed at
maximizing efficiency, minimizing operating cost, etc.
Overall Control of the Microgrid
Microgrid

Figure 1.5. Control block diagram of secondary level


Hierarchical Control of DG Units

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