Role of Inverter in

Microgrid
Dr. Muhammad Aamir
Applications of Inverter in Microgrid
• Photovoltaic Based Grid Integrated System
• Wind Based Grid Integrated System
• Energy Storage System
• STATCOMS
• Active Power Filter
• V2G and G2V
 Grid Forming Inverter
The grid-forming converters can be represented as
an ideal ac voltage source with a low-output
impedance, setting the voltage amplitude E∗ and
frequency ω∗ of the local grid by using a proper
control loop.
a grid-forming power converter usually operates
specifically in islanded mode, since in the main grid
the ac voltage is conventionally formed by
synchronous generators

3
Grid Feeding Inverter

The grid-feeding power converters are mainly

designed to deliver power to an energized
grid.
These converters act like an ideal current
source connected to the grid in parallel with
high impedance

A grid-feeding power converter, controlled as

a current source, needs a generator or a
power converter to form the grid voltage in
order to be able to operate.
These converters cannot operate
independently in island mode

4
Example of Droop Control
Double Feed Induction Generator DFIG
Double Feed Induction Generator DFIG
Control
Energy Storage System
Characteristics of Batteries
Control of Energy Storage
STATCOM
STATCOM cont.
Static Var Compensator
Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) TCSC CONTROLLER

The TCSC controller can be designed to

control the power flow, to increase the
transfer limits or to improve the transient
stability.

A basic TCSC module

A typical TCSC system.

 STATCOM - Static Synchronous Compensator

It is a solid-state switching converter, capable of generating or absorbing independently

controllable real and reactive power at its output terminals when it is fed from an energy source.

STATCOM is considered as voltage-source converter that, from a given input of dc voltage,

produces a set of 3-phase ac-output voltages, each in phase with and coupled to the
corresponding ac system voltage through a relatively small reactance
STATCOM can improves

1. the dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems;

2. the power-oscillation damping in power-transmission systems;
3. the transient stability;
4. the voltage flicker control; and
5. the control of not only reactive power but also (if needed) active power in the
connected line, requiring a dc energy source.
STATCOM structure

1. it occupies a small footprint,

2. it factory-built equipment, thereby reducing site work and

commissioning time;

3. it uses encapsulated electronic converters, thereby minimizing its

environmental impact.

A STATCOM is similar to an ideal synchronous machine, which generates a

balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages—at the fundamental frequency—
with controllable amplitude and phase angle.
STATCOM power circuit

Reactive Power Generation

Magnitude Es>Et  Generates reactive power

Magnitude Es<Et  Absorbs reactive power

When supplying/absorbing Reactive Power

If the amplitude of the output voltage is increased above that of the utility bus
voltage, Et, then a current flows through the reactance from the converter to the
ac system and the converter generates capacitive-reactive power for the ac
system.

If the amplitude of the output voltage is decreased below the utility bus voltage,
then the current flows from the ac system to the converter and the converter
absorbs inductive-reactive power from the ac system.

If the output voltage equals the ac system voltage, the reactive-power exchange
becomes zero, in which case the STATCOM is said to be in a floating state.

In reactive power generation, the real power provided by the dc source as input
to the converter must be zero. The primary need for the capacitor is to provide a
circulating-current path as well as a voltage source.
In practice, the semiconductor switches of the converter are not lossless, so
the energy stored in the dc capacitor is eventually used to meet the internal
losses of the converter, and the dc capacitor voltage diminishes.

Hence by making the output voltages of the converter lag behind the ac-
system voltages by a small angle (usually in the 0.1–0.2 degree range), the
converter absorbs a small amount of real power from the ac system to meet
its internal losses and keep the capacitor voltage at the desired level.
STATCOM power circuit with energy storage

Real Power Generation

Phase Es leads Et  Generates real power

Phase Es lags Et  Absorbs real power

When supplying/absorbing Real Power
Adjusting the phase shift between the converter-output voltage and the
ac system voltage can similarly control real-power exchange between the
converter and the ac system.

If the converter-output voltage is made to lead the ac-system voltage,

then the converter can supply real power to the ac system from its dc
energy storage.

If its voltage lags behind the ac-system voltage, then the it absorb real
power from the ac system for the dc system
V-I Characteristic

Junction temperature
of the converter switches

Maximum turn
off capability
of converter switches

STATCOM can supply both the capacitive and the inductive compensation and is able to
independently control its output current over the rated maximum capacitive or
inductive range irrespective of the amount of ac-system voltage. That is, the STATCOM
can provide full capacitive-reactive power at any system voltage—even as low as 0.15
pu.
The characteristic of a STATCOM reveals another strength of this technology:

 It is capable of yielding the full output of capacitive generation almost independently

of the system voltage.

 Hence it supports the system voltage during and after faults where voltage collapse
would otherwise be a limiting factor.

The maximum attainable transient overcurrent in the capacitive region is determined

by the maximum current turn-off capability of the converter switches. In the inductive
region, the converter switches are naturally commutated;
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC):
A combination of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static
series compensator (SSSC) which are coupled via a common dc link, to allow
bidirectional flow of real/reactive power between the series output terminals of
the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM.

 STATCOM

 SSSC
STATCOM Operation

Reactive Power Generation

Magnitude Es>Et  Generates reactive power

Magnitude Es<Et  Absorbs reactive power

Real Power Generation

Phase Es leads Et  Generates real power

Phase Es lags Et  Absorbs real power

SSSC Operation

If the injected voltage is in phase with the

line current, then the voltage would
exchange real power.

On the other hand, if a voltage is injected

in quadrature with the line current, then
reactive power—either absorbed or
generated—would be exchanged.
In-phase Voltage injection Quadrature Voltage injection


V 
  V0 V  V0 V
  V90

V V+  V0
V
V
V-  V90 V+  V90
V-  V0
α α

Here, reactive power control Here, real power control through

through voltage adjustment phase angle adjustment
UPFC operation

Vpq

0<Vpq<Vpqmax

Phase angle
Inverter 1 Inverter 2 0 to 360 degree
STATCOM SSSC
Operation of UPFC

One VSC—converter 1—is connected in shunt with the line through a

coupling transformer; the other VSC—converter 2—is inserted in series
with the transmission line through an interface transformer.

The dc voltage for both converters is provided by a common capacitor

bank.

The series converter is controlled to inject a voltage phasor, Vpq, in series

with the line. Thereby the series converter exchanges both real and
reactive power with the transmission line.

The reactive power is internally generated/ absorbed by the series

converter, the real-power generation.

The shunt-connected converter 1 is used mainly to supply the real-power

demand of converter 2, which it derives from the transmission line
Various Power Function of UPFC
 Voltage regulation
 Series Compensation
 Phase Shifting

Phasor Diagram for series voltage injection

V0+  V0
V0
V0-  V0
Phasor Diagram for Series Compensation

Here, Vpq is the sum of a voltage regulating component V0 and a series
compensation providing voltage component Vc that lags behind the line current
by 90 degree.
Vc
V0
V0’
Vpq
V0

V0 – Voltage regulating components

Vc – Series compensation providing voltage
component Vc that lag behind the line current by 90.
Phasor Diagram for Phase shifting

In the phase-shifting process, the UPFC-generated voltage Vpq is a

combination of voltage-regulating component V0 and phase-shifting
voltage component Vα

Vα
V0
V0’
Vpq
V0
 All three foregoing power-flow control functions

The controller of the UPFC can select either one or a combination of the three
functions as its control objective, depending on the system equirements.
The UPFC operates with constraints on the following variables:

1. the series-injected voltage magnitude;

2. the line current through series converter;
3. the shunt-converter current;
4. the minimum line-side voltage of the UPFC;
5. the maximum line-side voltage of the UPFC; and
6. the real-power transfer between the series converter and the shunt converter
Modes of operation of UPFC
Shunt Converter (STATCOM) Control Mode

Reactive Power Control Mode

Automatic Voltage control mode

Series Converter (SSSC) Control Mode

Direct Voltage Injection Mode

Bus Voltage regulation and control mode

Phase angle regulation mode

Automatic Power flow control mode

UPFC Control Scheme for different modes of Operation
~ ~
i V pq

v~1 v~2

~
I sh

Shunt Series
Converter Vdc Converter

~ ~
I sh i
Shunt v1ref Series ~
v
v~1
1
Controller Controller v~2

Iqref
Vdcref Vpqref
Reactive Power Control Mode
 Reference inputs are used to generate inductive and capacitive VAR
request
 Shunt converter control converts the VAR reference into the
corresponding shunt current request by adjusting the gate pulse of the
converter.

Automatic Voltage control mode

 Uses feed back signal v1
 Shunt converter reactive current is automatically regulated to maintain
transmission line voltage to reference value at the point of connection.
Direct Voltage Injection Mode
Simply generates Vpq with magnitude and phase angle requested
By reference input.

Vpq in phase with V  voltage magnitude control

Vpq quadrature with V  real power control

Bus Voltage Regulation Mode

Vpq is kept in phase with v1 angle, its magnitude is controlled to maintain
the magnitude output bus voltage v2 at the given reference value.

Phase Angle Regulation Mode

Vpq is controlled w.r.t voltage magnitude v1. Hence v2 is phase shifted
without any magnitude change relative to the angle specified by the
vi reference value.
Automatic Power Flow Control Mode
Magnitude and angle of Vpq is controlled so as to force a line current,
that results in desired real and reactive power flow in the line.
Vpq is determined automatically and continously by closed loop control
system to ensure desired P and Q.