SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS FOR

WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Dr. P.Sebastian Vindro Jude

CONTENTS:
 Induction generator

 Principle of operation induction generator

 Reactive power requirement, voltage built-

up & control.

 Advantages & Disadvantages

 Application
When the induction motor runs above the synchronous
speed then its runs as a generator called induction generator.

The negative slip indicate that the rotor of induction motor is

running faster then the synchronous speed.
 Fig. show the induction generator which is driven by the
prime mover such as a wind turbine is connected to a
load.

 When the speed of induction generator above

synchronous speed the active power delivered by the 3-
phase load.

 The corresponding mode of operation of induction

machine is called generating mode & the slip of induction
machine will be negative.

 The construction of induction generator is the same as

that of induction motor.
 Principle of operation
 When the 3-phase induction motor is driven at a speed
greater than synchronous speed(-ve slip) by an external
prime mover with exciting current provided either from 3-
phase line or capacitor bank.

 The emf and current of slip frequency will appear in the

rotor winding.

 In mode of operation, an external prime

generating
mover drives the rotor above the synchronous speed.

 The stator flux induces currents in the rotor, but since the
opposing rotor flux in now cutting the stator coils & the
motor operates as a generator.
Reactive power requirement, voltage
built-up & control
 The induction generator is not self excited machine,
therefore develop rotating magnetic field.

 The reactive power is also required for the connected

inductive load to improve the power factor on the load.

 The induction generator using the delta connected

capacitor bank for the supply of reactive power is called
self excited or isolated induction generator.
 The reactive power required by the generator and for
the connected inductive load is supplied by the
capacitor bank.

 To achieve given voltage level in an induction

a
generator, the capacitor bank must supply the
magnetizing or exciting current corresponding to that
level.

 For a particular value of capacitance, the curve

between the voltage and magnetizing or capacitive
current will be linear.
The fig. indicates that how the voltage is built up different
values of capacitance.
At a point p the reactive power demanded by the generator
is equal to the reactive power supplied by the capacitor bank.
For a lagging power factor load, the voltage collapses very
rapidly.
Developed torque and
line current vs. rotor speed

10
The interaction of the magnetic flux of the stator and the magnetic flux of
the rotor produce a “countertorque” that opposes the driving torque of
the prime mover. Increasing the speed of the rotor increases the
countertorque and the power delivered to the system by the generator.
The maximum value of the countertorque is called the “pushover” torque.

11
Increasing the speed of the prime mover beyond the pushover point
causes the power output to decrease. The countertorque decreases and
the speed increases. This also occurs if the generator is loaded and the
breaker is tripped. Motors used in these applications must be able to
withstand overspeeds without mechanical injury. See Table 5.11, page
223.

ECE 441 12
Advantages :
 Mechanically & electrically simpler than other types of
generator.

 Construction: simple, robust & rugged.

 Relatively cheaper.

 Requires no brushes & commutator.

 easy in maintenance.

 They do not have to be synchronized to the supply lines

as does a synchronous generator.
Disadvantages :
 It is not suitable for separate, isolated operation .

 It consumes rather than supplies magnetizing

KVAR.

 It cannot contribute to the maintenance of

system. voltage levels (this is left entirely to the
synchronous generators or capacitors).

 In general it has a lower efficiency.

Applications :
 Induction generator are often used in wind turbines
and small station due to their ability to produce
useful power at varying rotor speed.

 Particularly suitable for wind generating stations as

in this speed is always a variable factor.

 They are very useful automatic dynamic

also
braking such for braking purpose case of
as in
railways.
 Induction generator for a fixed wind turbine system.
GRID CONNECTED AND SELF
EXCITED SYSTEMS
 Contents
• Introduction

• Modern Power Electronics

• Wind Energy Conversion

• Doubly Fed Induction Generator

• Operating Principal of DFIG

• Advantages

• Disadvantages

• Conclusion
18
 Introduction
• Wind turbine technology is the most promising renewable energy technology. It
started in 1980’s with a few tens of kW production of power per unit. And today
multi-MW size wind turbines are being installed.

• Wind power production in the beginning, did not have any impact on the power
control system and was based on the induction generator where the pulsations in
the wind was directly transferred to the grid. There was no control on active and
reactive power which are the important control parameter to regulate frequency
and voltage.

• As the power range of the turbines increases those control parameters become
more important and it is necessary to introduce power electronics as an interface
between the wind turbine and the grid. The power electronics is changing the
basic characteristic of the wind turbine from being an energy source to be an
active power source.

19
 Modern Power Electronics

The interface of Wind power converter between generator and power grid should
satisfy the requirements on both the sides. It has to store the active power and boost
up the voltage from generator side to grid side.
• Generator side: * It should control stator current and adjust the rotating speed.
* Extract maximum power from turbine.
• Power grid side: * It should have the ability to control the inductive/capacitive
reactive power and perform fast active power response.
*Frequency and voltage should be fixed for normal operation
* Harmonic distortion should be maintained low.
20
 Wind Energy Conversion
Wind energy conversion systems convert wind energy into electrical energy, which is
then fed into electrical grid.

• The turbine rotor, gear box and generator are the main three components for
energy
conversion.
• Rotor converts wind energy to mechanical energy.
• Gear box is used to adapt to the rotor speed to generator speed.
• Generator with the variable speed wind turbine along with electronic
inverter absorbs mechanical power and convert to electrical energy.
• The power converter can not only transfer the power from a wind generator,
but
21
also improve the stability and safety of the system.
Doubly Fed Induction Generator

22
 Doubly Fed Induction Generator
• Wind turbines use a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) consisting of
a wound rotor , induction generator and an AC/DC/AC IGBT-based
PWM converter.

• The stator winding is connected directly to the grid while the rotor is fed
at variable frequency through the AC/DC/AC converter.

• Vr is the rotor voltage and Vgc is grid side voltage.

• The AC/DC/AC converter is basically a PWM converter which uses

sinusoidal PWM technique to reduce the harmonics present in the wind
turbine driven DFIG system.

• Crotor is rotor side converter and Cgrid is grid side converter.

• To control the speed of wind turbine gear boxes or electronic control can be
used
23
Operating Principal of DFIG

24
 Operating Principal of DFIG
• Below the synchronous speed in the motoring mode and above the synchronous speed in the
generating mode, rotor-side converter operates as a rectifier and stator-side converter as an
inverter and where slip power is returned to the stator.

• Below the synchronous speed in the generating mode and above the synchronous speed in
the motoring mode, rotor-side converter operates as an inverter and stator side converter as
a rectifier, where slip power is supplied to the rotor.

• For super synchronous speed operation, Pr is transmitted to DC bus capacitor and tends to
rise the DC voltage. For sub-synchronous speed operation, Pr is taken out of DC bus
capacitor and tends to decrease the DC voltage.

• Cgrid is used to generate or absorb the power Pgc in order to keep the DC voltage constant.
• In steady-state for a lossless AC/DC/AC converter Pgc is equal to Pr and the speed of the
wind turbine is determined by the power Pr absorbed or generated by Crotor.

• The phase-sequence of the AC voltage generated by Crotor is positive for sub synchronous
speed and negative for super synchronous speed.
• Crotor and Cgrid have the capability for generating or absorbing reactive power and could
be used to control the reactive power or the voltage at the grid terminals.
25
 Advantages of DFIG’s
• Advantages of the system include, low losses, which assures a
high overall efficiency, and an outstanding availability due to the
compact design with a minimal number of components

• Significantly reduced power rating and cost of the converter

• Possible speed regulation for optimal utilization of

energy (typically ±20-25%)

• Sub-synchronous and Super-synchronous operation is

possible

26
 Disadvantages of DFIG’s
• Slip rings wear and tear, maintenance

• Complex control of the entire unit

• Direct connection to the grid is somewhat difficult

• The output voltage is dependent on the rotor speed and stator.

27
 Summary
• Wind energy conversion systems convert wind energy into electrical
energy, which is then fed into electrical grid.

• Power electronics as an interface between the wind turbine and the grid.

• Power converter is used to store the active power and boost up the voltage from
generator side to grid side and it also reduces harmonics.

• DFIG is a AC/DC/AC IGBT-based PWM converter.

• Crotor and Cgrid have the capability for generating or absorbing reactive power
and could be used to control the reactive power or the voltage at the grid
terminals

• Advantages and disadvantages.

28
1. WHAT IS POWER QUALITY

IT DETERMINES THE FITNESS OF A POWER SUPPLY

SYSTEM

IT CAN BE A MEASURE OF RELIABILITY OF A SUPPY;

or

IT CAN BE THOSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUPPLY

THAT WILL ENABLE A DEVICE TO WORK PROPERLY.

A POWER SUPPLY WHICH IS FREE FROM

DISTURBANCES CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A
2.POWER QUALITY ISSUES
THOSE DISTURBANCES WHICH AFFECT THE POWER
SUPPLY SYSTEM

“Any power problem manifested in voltage,

current, or frequency deviations that results in
failure or misoperation of customer
equipment”.
2.POWER QUALITY ISSUES
3. CLASSIFICATION OF
POWER QUALITY ISSUES
1. Conducted low-frequency
phenomena
a. Harmonics, interharmonics

b. Signalling voltages

c. Voltage fluctuations

d. Voltage dips and interruptions

e. Voltage unbalance

f. Power frequency variations

g. Induced low-frequency
voltages
3. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER
QUALITY ISSUES
2. Radiated low-frequency
phenomena
a. Magnetic fields

b. Electric field

3. Conducted high-frequency
phenomena
A. Directly coupled or induced
voltages or currents
 3. CLASSIFICATION OF
POWER QUALITY ISSUES
4. Radiated high-frequency phenomena
a) Magnetic fields

b) Electric fields

c) Electromagnetic fields

5. Electrostatic discharge phenomena (ESD)

Sudden discharge between two electrically charged bodies

6. Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)

The sudden burst of electro-magnetic radiation (EM Pulse)
during nuclear explosion will change the electric and
magnetic field
 4. TRANSIENTS
“AN EVENT THAT IS UNDESIRABLE AND MOMENTARY IN
NATURE”

2 TYPES : IMPULSIVE AND OSCILLATORY

 An impulsive transient is a sudden, non–power

frequency change in the steady-state condition of

voltage, current, or both that is unidirectional in

polarity (ositive or negative)

 An oscillatory transient is a sudden, non–power
4. TRANSIENTS
IMPULSI OSCILLAT
VE ORY
4. TRANSIENTS

OSCILLATORY – 3 TYPES
 High frequency transients (Frequency greater
than 500 kHz).
 Medium frequency transients (Frequency
between 5-500 kHz).
 Low frequency transients (Frequency less than
5 kHz

CAUSE :Lightning
5. LONG-DURATION
VOLTAGE VARIATIONS

EFFECTS SOLUTION
• Hardware failures. • UPS.
• Crashes in PLC • Power
and other Conditioners.
computerized • Voltage
equipment. Regulators.
 5.1 OVER VOLTAGE

“Increase in the RMS ac voltage greater than 110

percent at the power frequency for a duration
longer than 1min”

CAUSE
 Switching off a large
load
 Energizing a
capacitor bank
 5.2 UNDER VOLTAGE

“Decrease in the RMS ac voltage less

than 90 percent at the power
er than 1 frequency
for a duration long min”

CAUSE
 Switching ON a large load

 De-energizing a capacitor bank

6. SUSTAINED
INTERUPTIONS
Situation when the supply voltage is
ZERO for more than 1 min.

Requires human intervention to repair

and mrestore the syste> 1 min
.
 7. SHORT DURATION
VOLTAGE VARIATIONS
• Short and temporary disturbances occurring
Def in power system.

:
• Switching on
large loads

Caus • Loose
connections
e: • faults
• Voltage
sag

Type • Voltage
swell
s: • Interrupti
ons
7. SHORT-DURATION
VOLTAGE VARIATIONS

EFFECTS SOLUTION
• Hardware failures. • UPS.
• Crashes in PLC • Power
and other Conditioners.
computerized • Voltage
equipment. Regulators.
 7.1 INTERRUPTIONS

“An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load

current decreases to less than 0.1 pu for a period of
time not exceeding 1 min”

CAUSE
 Power system <1
faults min

 Equipment
failure
 Control
 7.2 VOLTAGE SAG
(DIP)
“A sag is a decrease in voltage to a value
between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in RMS voltage or
current at the power frequency for durations
from 0.5 cycle to 1 min”

CAUSE
 Single line to ground fault
 Switching ON heavy loads
 Starting of large inductions motors
 7.3 VOLTAGE SWELLS

“A swell is defined as an increase to between

1.1 and 1.8 pu in RMS voltage or current at the
power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle
to 1 min”
CAUSE
 Switching OFF
heavy loads
 Energizing
capacitor banks
 8. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

“Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations

of the voltage to a value between 0.9 to 1.1
pu”

CAUSE Loads with continuous variation in current

EFFECTS SOLUTION
• Hardware
• Power
failures.
Conditioners.
• Crashes in PLC &
 10. WAVEFORM DISTORTION

“Waveform distortion is defined as a steady-

state deviation from an ideal sine wave of
power frequency principally characterized by
the spectral content of the deviation”
10. WAVEFORM
DISTORTION
5 TYPES
 HARMONICS
 INTER
HARMONICS
 DC OFFSET
 NOTCHING
 NOISE
HYBRID POWER GENERATION BY
SOLAR –WIND
INTRODUCTION
It is possible that the world will face a global energy crisis
due to a decline in the availability of cheap oil and
recommendations to a decreasing dependency on fossil fuel.
This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel
research such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy and wind. Today,
solar energy and wind energy have significantly alternated fossil
fuel with big ecological problems.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
 Renewable
 Available in wide spread
 Free from pollution
 Clean and pure energy
Solar Energy
 Sun rays converted into electrical energy
 Unlimited supply
 No negative impact
 Free of cost
 Free from pollution
Wind Energy
 Converts wind energy into electrical energy
 No fuel cost
 Free from pollution
 Geographical Region
Solar
 Average solar radiation 5kwh/sq m
 2300-3200 sun shine hours available per year
 Available most part of country

•Wind
 Southern and Western coastal areas are ideal
location
 Annual average wind speed 5-6 m/s
 Attractive option to supplement the energy supply
HYBRID
 The thing made by combining two or more different
element.

•Need of Hybridization

 For increasing output

 For fulfilling demand of consumer
 Providing uninterrupted power supply
 System can design for both off grid and on grid
DIFFERENT HYBRID POWER TECHNOLOGY
 Solar-Wind Hybrid Power
 Solar-Diesel Hybrid Power
 Wind-Hydro Hybrid Power
 Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power
Solar-Wind Hybrid Power

 Ideal alternative in areas where wind velocity 5.6 m/s is

available
 Power clear and non polluting
 Complement to each other
 Stable power supply
COMPONENTS OF HYBRID GENERATOR
Solar
panel
Controller
Monitors the system starting and stopping engine as
need
Why we use MPPT Charger Controller

•Consider solar panel Kyocera KC 130. It is rated at 7.39 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 at 17.6

It’s power output is 130 Watts .

•Panel puts out 7.39 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 & battery charges under 12V

• 7.39 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 * 12V =88.8 Watts

• We lost over 41 Watts. But we paid for 130 Watts.

• To overcome this loss, we use MPPT Charger Controller.

Working of MPPT Charger Controller

•Controller compares voltages of PV panel & Battery

•Figure out best voltage to charge Battery

• Example: Controller takes 17.6 Volts at 7.4 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 & gives output to
10.8 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 at 12Volts .

10.8 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 * 12Volts = 129.6 Watts

• Now we still have almost 130 Watts.

Batteries

Stored the energy

Inverter
Converts stored DC power to AC
WORKING
 Solar & Wind turbine produced DC power
 Inverter convert DC to AC
 Controller monitors the system
CHOICE OF COMPONENT
 Choice of components For 1000 Watt
Load Solar Panel:
• Total load = 1000W
•Period of operation or duration = 12 Hours
•Then, Total Watt-Hour = 1000×12= 12000W-hr
•The period of the solar panel exposed to the sun =
8 Hours
(Averagely between 9am and 3pm)
•Therefore solar panel wattage =
12000𝑊ℎ/8ℎ=1,500𝑊.
•Hence solar panel of 1,500W will be needed for
this design.
•If solar panel of 150W is to be use the number of
panels to arrange in
parallel to achieve 1,500 Watt will be:
No of panel =1500W/150𝑊=10
Charging Controllers:

For this design of 1000W solar power supply P=IV

Where
 I is the expected charging current and
 V is the voltage of the battery and V= 12 V
 P is the power supply rating= 1000W
 Hence I =𝑃/𝑣=1000/12=83𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠.
 Since the value 83.3 A Charging controllers is not readily
available in the market then 1000A charging controller will
be used.
Battery capacity:
 Given that the total load P= 1000W and
 Operational period = 12 Hours
 Watt-hour capacity = 12,000 W-hr
 To make the chosen battery to last long it is assumed that only a
quarter (¼) of the battery capacity will be made used of so that
it will not be over discharged therefore hence the required batter
capacity will be
 12, 000 × 4 = 48,000 W-hr
 Now the choice of battery hour depends on A-H rating of the
storage battery.
 For example 1500AH, 12V batteries the number of batteries that
will be needed is 48000/1500 = 32 batteries. Hence, for this
design , 1500AH 12V battery should be used, Therefore the total
number of storage battery required for 1000W solar power supply
system = 32
Inverte
r Since the total load is 1000W it is advisable to size the

required inverter to be 1500W as designed for solar panel
ratings. Hence 1500W pure sign wave inverter is recommended
in other to prolong the lifespan of the inverter.
APPLICATION
 Hotels
 Business (Institutions and Government)
 Large Estate Houses
 Factories and manufacturing facilities
 Commercial Power generation
 Street lighting
ADVANTAGE
S  solar
Very high reliability (combines wind power, and
power)
 Long term Sustainability
 High energy output (since both are complimentary
to each
other)
 Cost saving (only one time investment)
 Low maintenance cost (there is nothing to replace)
 Long term warranty
 No pollution
 Clean and pure energy
 Provides un-interrupted power supply to the
equipment
 The system gives quality power out-put DC to charge
directly the storage battery or provide AC.
 The system can be designed for both off-grid and on
grid applications.
DISADVANTAGE
S Large number of harmonics is produced.
 Initial investment is more.
 Large space is required for larger generations
 Wind energy systems are noisy in operation; a large unit can
be
heard many kilometers away.
 Efficiency is less than conventional power plants.
CONCLUSION
 By this project many villages can be lighted. For villages which
are much away from the construction site of large power
generating stations such as hydro and nuclear can be
provided power.
 Also to satisfied the increasing demand of electricity with
clean hybrid power station by solar –wind can be used.
WIND DIESEL HYBRID
POWER SYSTEM

74
 A wind-diesel hybrid system combines wind
turbine(s)with diesel generator(s) to obtain a
maximum contribution by the intermittent
wind resource while providing continuous high
quality electric power.

75
Reduce system fossil fuel consumption
The more energy you use from your non-renewable utility
provider, the more these non-renewable resources are
wasted and the more harm is done to the environment.

76
Introduction:
Wind power is expected to be economically attractive, but
wind power generation is variable and unpredictable. The
hybrid wind power with diesel generation has been
suggested (Hunter, 1994) and (Lipmann, 1989) to handle
the problem above. A hybrid wind diesel system is very
reliable because the diesel acts as a cushion to take care of
variation in wind speed and would always maintain an
average power equal to the set point.

77
BLOCK DIAGRAM

78
Penetration:
Instantaneous Penetration:

Instantaneous Penetration = Wind Power Output (kW)

–––––––––––––––––––––––– .
Primary Electrical Load (kW)
Average Penetration:

Average Penetration Wind Energy Produced (kWh)

= ––––––––––––––––––––––––––– .
Primary Energy Demand (kWh)

79
AC Based Hybrid System
•Low penetration systems -Wind acts as a negative load, very little control or
integration of wind turbines into the power system is needed.
•Medium penetration systems -Wind becomes a major part of the power
system but diesel engines still provide much of the system power control.
Additional components and limited supervisory control required to assist
diesels in maintaining power quality.
•High penetration systems -Completely integrated power system with
advanced control. Diesel generators shut off when not needed. Limited
operational control of system by plant staff.

80
AC Based Hybrid System

81
Low Penetration System:

•Generally easy integration with existing diesel system, little or no diesel

modifications required.

•Diesel engines provide all frequency, voltage and reactive power control

requirements.

•Switch gear would need to be modified to add turbines and turbine

control software installed.

•Modest fuel savings of up to ~20% possible

82
83
Medium Penetration System
•Diesel(s) are expected to operate at all times and provide main system

stability control.

•Will need devices to help control system frequency, eliminate excess energy

and provide VAR support.

•Secondary diesels may be shut off when not needed, reduces diesel operating

hours and fuel use.

•In high peak wind periods, primary diesel runs at low loading.
84
Medium Penetration System

85
High Penetration System
•Use of wind allows all diesel engines to shut down during mid to high wind

periods, reducing fuel consumption and operation hours

•Other hardware used to maintain system voltage, frequency, and reactive

power requirements

•System controller continually monitors power system and dispatched

equipment as needed to maintain system integrity

86
High Penetration System (without Storage)

87
High Penetration System (With Storage)

88
Benefits:
• Reduced system operating costs.

• Reduced environmental impacts.

•Reduced fuel consumption .

•Can be the most economic option

where fuel is expensive and the renewable energy source is good.

• Increased Reliability

89
Technical difficulties:
•High cost:

Power in rural areas is always expensive, but many elements drive up the

cost of wind in rural areas.

•New Technology:

Wind-diesel technologies are relatively new, implementation in rural areas

can be operationally challenging.

90
Conclusions:
•Given good wind resource and adequate project density ,high penetration

wind-diesel systems can provide least life cycle cost of electricity in remote

communities.

•Isolated communities, mining sites and other industrial outposts need to

replace their expensive, polluting diesel generators with hybrid power systems

that use wind.

91
Thank You

92