Name Title Company Name

Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere Climate change is a global issue: 1 tCO2 emitted in India = 1 tCO2 emitted in USA Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the climate Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by about 1.4 to 5.8 degrees by 2100 Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the global environment, economy and society

The debate about climate change today is not about whether it will happen or not (there is a worldwide consensus that climate change is already happening) but about the magnitude of effects and the best way of responding to climate change. While there is a wide consensus that there is a need to cut greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, the modalities for achieving this is still under discussion. The Kyoto protocol is a first and important step in this direction, but is still only a very small step. The need to take drastic measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions remain, and at the end of the current commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2012), there is a need for a new, more far reaching global accord on how to tackle the climate change issue.

1) Solar radiation 5 2

2) Reflected back to space

3) Absorbed by atmosphere

4) Infra-red radiations emitted from Earth

4 3

5) Some of the IR passes through the atmosphere

6) Some is absorbed and re-emitted by greenhouse gas molecules

The effect is increasing temperatures on Earth

The global average temperature has risen by 1C since the start from the industrial revolution around 1860 until the year 2000

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is the warming effect that one unit of a GHG has as compared to the same unit of the GHG carbon dioxide (CO2). 1 Kg of methane (CH4) has for example the same warming potential as 23 Kg of CO2. Even though methane and nitrous oxide have much higher GWPs than carbon dioxide, because their concentration in the atmosphere is much lower, carbon dioxide remains the most important greenhouse gas, contributing about 60% to the enhancement of the greenhouse effect. Ratio of global warming, from one unit mass of a GHG to that of one unit mass of CO2 over a period of time Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1 [baseline] Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) HFC-23 HFC-134a HFC-152a CF4 C2F6 SF6 23 296 12.000 1,300 120 5,700 11,900 23,900

A global legal instrument (international agreement) to protect the climate system and stabilize GHG emissions launched at the occasion of the United nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 ( Earth Summit or the Rio Conference) and entered into force on 21 March 1994. enjoys near universal membership, with 189 countries having ratified. Under the Convention, governments:
gather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies and best practices launch national strategies cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change

Annex 1: identifies countries (in principle developed countries) that have an obligation to take measures (policies etc) to reduce their GHG emissions (no target specified) and to increase GHG sink, such as forests. Annex I countries also have to provide regular reports on their GHG emissions (GHG inventory) and on measures they have taken to reduce them. Annex 2: Annex II identifies countries that are obliged to financially support developing countries to meet their obligations under UNFCCC. This is first and foremost the requirement to establish a national inventory of GHG emissions.

The Kyoto protocol is part of the Convention and specifies emission reduction goals for (some) countries, and provides supporting financial mechanisms to achieve those goals. Adopted at third Conference of Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC in Kyoto in 1997 The key features of the Kyoto Protocol is that it commits developed countries that have signed the protocol to limit their emissions to specific levels as compared to their emissions in 1990.

entered into force on the 90th day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the UNFCCC, incorporating Annex I Parties which accounted in total for at least 55% of the total CO2 emissions for 1990 of the Annex I Parties, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Currently, 190 countries and one regional economic integration organization (the EEC) have deposited instruments of ratifications, accessions, approvals or acceptances. 63.7% of the total CO2 emissions for 1990 of the Annex I Parties have ratified the Protocol. The Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005.

 Covers six GHGs: CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs, SF6 Sets binding targets on Annex I (developed) nations to the UNFCCC to reduce overall GHG emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels over the period 2008-2012. Emissions are subject to indepth review. Non-Annex I (developing) nations to the Convention have no binding targets but must report in general terms on their actions. Annex I countries can achieve targets through domestic policies and three market mechanisms. Non-Annex I nations can participate through the Clean Development Mechanism to facilitate sustainable development. Rules for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol are worked out at annual Conference of Parties (COP) meetings.

The Protocol introduces 3 market mechanisms, namely the Kyoto Mechanisms. Annex I Parties would be able to achieve their emission reduction targets cost-effectively, by using these mechanisms. ET - Emissions Trading AAU (Assigned Amount Units) are exchanged between Annex I countries JI - Joint Implementation Annex I investors receive ERUs (Emission Reduction Units) by investing in a project in another Annex I nation which reduces GHG emissions CDM - Clean Development Mechanism Annex I investors receive CERs (Certified Emission Reductions) by investing in a project in a non-Annex I nation which reduces GHG emissions

Article 12 of the Protocol aims to direct private-sector investment into GHG emissions reduction projects in developing countries while promoting sustainable development in these countries. In return, the industrialized countries receive credits in the form of certified emissions reductions (CERs) against their Kyoto targets. Developing countries receive revenues from the CERs.

Designated National Authority (DNA)

CDM project participants (PPs) shall receive written approval of voluntary participation from the DNA of each Party involved. The written approval shall include confirmation by the host Party that the project activity assists it in achieving sustainable development. The details of approval procedure is up to each Party.

CDM Executive Board (EB)

The EB supervises the CDM, under the authority and guidance of the CMP (Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol) Decisions of the EB must be consistent with and support the formal decisions of the CMP. Decisions of the EB are hierarchical in nature and are published in the meeting reports of the EB and their accompanying annexes.

Project Participant (PP)

PP is a Party involved, and/or a private and/or public entity authorized by a Party involved to participate in a CDM project activity.

Designated Operational Entity (DOE)

A DOE under the CDM is either a domestic legal entity or an international organization accredited and designated, on a provisional basis until confirmed by the CMP, by the EB. It validates and subsequently requests registration of a proposed CDM project activity. It verifies emission reduction of a registered CDM project activity, certifies as appropriate and requests the EB to issue Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) accordingly.

Type I - renewable energy project activities

Small scale max output capacity less than or equal to 15 MW Large scale max output capacity more than15 MW

Type II - project activities or those relating to improvements in energy efficiency which reduce energy consumption, on the supply and/or demand side
Small scale efficiency improvements do not exceed the equivalent of 60 GWh/year Large scale efficiency improvements more than 60 GWh/year

Type III - other project activities that result in emission reductions

Small scale emission reductions less than 60 kt-CO2/y Large scale emission reductions more than 60 kt-CO2/y

Planning a CDM project activity

Verification and certification

Making the project design document (PDD) Issuance of CERs Getting approval from each Party involved Distribution of CERs Validation

Registration

The purpose of the CDM shall be to assist non-Annex I Parties in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Annex I Parties in achieving compliance with their commitments.
It is the host Party's prerogative to confirm whether a CDM project activity assists it in achieving sustainable development.

A CDM project activity is additional if GHG emissions are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity Annex I Parties are to refrain from using CERs generated from nuclear facilities to meet their quantified GHG emissions reduction targets

A project Design Document (PDD) for the project activity will be developed through following steps
Identifying the type & scale of the project activity Identifying the baseline scenario Using appropriate methodology, tools & guidelines framed by CDM board.

Baseline - The baseline (scenario and emissions) for a CDM project activity is the scenario that reasonably represents GHG emissions that would occur in the absence of the proposed project activity Difference between the baseline emissions and GHG emissions after implementing the CDM project activity (project emissions) is emission reductions.

A CDM project activity is additional if GHG emissions are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity. The DOE shall review the PDD to confirm that the project activity is expected to result in a reduction in GHG emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the proposed project activity. PPs have to write explanation of how and why this project activity is additional and therefore not the baseline scenario in accordance with the selected baseline methodology.

A written approval constitutes the authorization by a designated national authority (DNA) of specific entity(ies) participation as project proponents in the specific CDM project activity.
The DNA of a Party involved in a proposed CDM project activity shall issue a statement including the following: The Party has ratified the Kyoto Protocol. The approval of voluntary participation in the proposed CDM project activity In the case of Host Party(ies): statement that the proposed CDM project activity contributes to sustainable development of the host Party(ies).

The PP has to enter into a contract with the any of the DOE accredited by CDM board. The PP has to submit the PDD and supporting documents (if any) to the DOE for validation process. The DOE reviews the PDD and web host it in UNFCCC website for a period of 30 days for Global Stakeholder comments. Validates the PDD and approves for the registration

The DOE submits a request for registration for a proposed CDM project activity for registration only after it determines that a proposed project activity is valid and meeting the requirements of the CDM VVM(Validation Verification Manual) and other CDM requirements. The UNFCCC secretariat will conduct completeness check and information and reporting check and ask for clarification (if any) Upon a determination by the secretariat that the request for registration meets the requirements of the information and reporting check, the secretariat will publish the request for registration on the UNFCCC CDM website. The secretariat prepares and sends to the EB a summary note on the request for registration, within 14 days of date of publication of the request for registration. The EB shall register the proposed project activity.

Verification - periodic independent review and ex post determination by the DOE of the monitored reductions in GHG emissions that have occurred as a result of a registered CDM project activity during the verification period. Certification - written assurance by the DOE that, during a specified time period, a project activity achieved the GHG emission reductions as verified.

The DOE submits the request for issuance of CERs only after it verifies the monitoring report and certifies the quantity CERs claimed in the monitoring report, and meeting the requirements of the CDM-VVM and other CDM requirements. This step is similar to registration. After conduction completeness check and information & reporting check, the EB shall instruct the CDM registry administrator to issue a specified quantity of CERs into the pending account of the EB of the CDM registry.