INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER
SCIENCES

Mujtaba Ali
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WHAT IS A
COMPUTER?
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COMPUTER
• Computer is an electronic device used to
process data and convert it into information. It
can store, retrieve, and process data.
• A general-purpose machine that processes data
according to a set of instructions that are
stored internally either temporarily or
permanently.
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SYSTEM

Input Output

Process
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COMPUTER
GENERATIONS
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ZEROTH GENERATION
• Man used his fingers, ropes, beads, bones,
pebbles and other objects for counting.
• Abacus
• Electricity was not yet invented
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FIRST GENERATION
• 1940 – 1958: The Vacuum Tube
• The first generation of computers,
characterized by vacuum tubes, started in 1951
with the creation of –
 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) – a tabulating
machine which won the contest for the fastest
machine.
 VACUUM TUBES – electronic tubes about the size of
light bulbs.
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FIRST GENERATION
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FIRST GENERATION

• an early computer
• developed at UPenn
• Size: 30’ x 50’ room
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• weighed 30 tons
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ADVANTAGES

• Vacuum tubes were the only electronic

components available during those days.
• Vacuum tube technology made possible the
advent of electronic digital computers.
• These computers were the fastest calculating
devices of their time. They could perform
computations in milliseconds.
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DISADVANTAGES

• They generate more heat causing many

problems in temperature regulation and climate
control.
• Tubes were subject to frequent burn-out.
• Too bulky in size and not portable
• Commercial production was difficult and costly.
• Limited commercial use.
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SECOND GENERATION
• 1959 – 1964: The Transistor
• The year 1959 marked the invention of
transistors, which characterized the second
generation of computers.
• TRANSISTOR – was a three-legged component
which shrunk the size of the first generation
computers. Occupied only 1/100th of the space
occupied by a vacuum tube
• More reliable, had greater computational speed,
required no warm-up time and consumed far less
electricity.
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SECOND GENERATION
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ADVANTAGES - SECOND GENERATION

• Smaller in size as compared to first generation

computers.
• More reliable.
• Less heat generated.
• These computers were able to reduce
computational times.
• Less prone to hardware failures.
• Better portability.
• Wider commercial use.
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DISADVANTAGES - SECOND GENERATION

• Air-conditioning required.
• Frequent maintenance required.
• Commercial production was difficult and costly.
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THIRD GENERATION
• 1965 – 1970: The Integrated Circuit
• Third generation computers arose in 1965 with
the invention of smaller electronic circuits
called integrated circuits (IC’S)
• INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – are square silicon
chips containing circuitry that can perform the
functions of hundreds of transistors.
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THIRD GENERATION
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ADVANTAGES - THIRD GENERATION

• RELIABILITY – Unlike vacuum tubes, silicon will not break down

easily. It is very seldom that you will have to replace it.
• LOW COST – Silicon chips are relatively cheap because of their
small size and availability in the market. It also consumes less
electricity.
• LOWER Heat generated than second generation computers.
• These computers were able to reduce computational times from
microseconds to nanoseconds
• Maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare.
• Easily portable.
• Totally general purpose. Widely used for various commercial
applications.
• Less power requirement than previous generation computers.
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DISADVANTAGES - THIRD GENERATION

• Air-conditioning required in many cases.

• Highly sophisticated technology required for
the manufacture of IC chips
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FOURTH GENERATION
• 1971 – present: The Microprocessor
• Marked by the use of microprocessor
• MICROPROCESSOR – is a silicon chip that
contains the CPU – part of the computer where
all processing takes place.
• 4004 chip – was the first microprocessor
introduced by Intel Corporation.
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FOURTH GENERATION
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FIFTH GENERATION
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines
• Artificial
 Made by humans; produced rather than natural.
• Intelligence
 The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.
 The faculty of thought and reason.
 Superior powers of mind.
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FIFTH GENERATION
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FIFTH GENERATION

• AI research is highly technical

• Its still in development, though there are some applications,
such as voice recognition, AI Games etc.. that are being used
today
• Scientists are now at work on the fifth generation computers -
a promise, but not yet a reality.
• They aim to bring us machines with genuine I.Q., the ability
to reason logically, and with real knowledge of the world
• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices
that respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.
• Some scientists still doubtful that true AI can never be
possible.
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TODAY’S COMPUTER
• is classified as fourth generation computers.
• faster, more powerful, tremendous data storage and
processing capacity
• new brands and models would come out the market
almost every other month.
• computers became more affordable
• there has been a tremendous improvement in software
technology
 different software applications to choose from: word
processing, spreadsheets, database management, games and
entertainment
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CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS

Micro
Computers
Mini
Super Main Frame • Desktop PC
Computers - • Laptop Computers
Computer Computers
Servers • Smart Phones
• Tabs etc.
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MACHINE LANGUAGE
• Computer only understand machine language also
called as Low Level Language. – Binary Language
 i.e. 10101011000011110
• ASCII Codes (Total 256)
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• Each letter on the keyboard has a ASCII code, so
that computer can understand it.
• Engineers develop software in ‘Human Language’
(High Level) that is not understandable for
computer, we use compilers and interpreters to
convert ‘Human Language’ into ‘Machine Language’
(Low Level).
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ASCII of Letter C is 67
67
2 33 1
2 16 1
2 8 0
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 0

So the ASCII of Letter ‘C’ is

1000011
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3 and 4 11 100
63 and 64 111111 1000000
127 and 128 1111111 10000000
255 and 256 11111111 100000000

0 ~ 255 = 256
2^2 = 4
2^3 = 8
2^6 = 64
2^8 = 256
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UNIT OF DATA
• The smallest unit of data is
 BIT
 Binary DigIT
• One (1) BIT contains either ‘0’ or ‘1’
• 8 BIT makes 1 Byte
 11001100 1
 These 8 BITs Makes 1 Byte

Any char consumes 1 Byte

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• 1 bit = a 1 or 0 (b)
• 8 bits = 1 byte (B)
• 1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB)
• 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte (MB)
• 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte (GB)
• 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte (TB)
• 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte (PB)
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TYPES OF
MEMORY
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MEMORY
• Volatile Memory
 is computer memory that requires power to maintain the
stored information. e,g. RAM (Random Access Memory).
• Non-Volatile Memory
 is computer memory that can retain the stored information
even when not powered. Examples of non-volatile memory
include read-only memory ROM, flash memory, most types
of magnetic computer storage devices e.g. hard disks,
optical discs etc.
• Virtual Memory
 is a system where all physical memory is controlled by the
operating system. When a program needs memory, it
requests it from the operating system. The operating
system then decides what physical location to place the
memory in.
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COMPUTER DATA
STORAGE
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STORAGE

Primary storage

Secondary storage

Tertiary storage

Off-line storage
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PRIMARY STORAGE
• Primary Storage (or main memory or internal
memory),
 often referred to simply as memory, is the only one
directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously
reads instructions stored there and executes them as
required. Any data actively operated on is also stored
there in uniform manner.
 e.g.
 RAM (Random Access Memory),
 ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM (Programmable
Read Only Memory), EPROM (Erasable and
Programmable Read Only Memory) etc.
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SECONDARY STORAGE
• Secondary Storage (also known as External
Storage),
 differs from primary storage
 not directly accessible by the CPU.
 The computer usually uses its input/output channels
to access secondary storage and transfers the desired
data using intermediate area in primary storage.
 Secondary storage does not lose the data when the
device is powered down - it is non-volatile.
 Less expensive than primary storage.
 e.g.
 HDD (Hard Disk Drive, Tape Drive, CD (Compact
Disk) etc.
 SSD (Solid State Disk)
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TERTIARY STORAGE
• Tertiary Storage or tertiary memory
 Third level of storage.
 Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will
mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage
media into a storage device according to the system's
demands.
 e.g.
 SAN (Storage Area Network), Domain Servers
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OFF-LINE STORAGE
• Off-Line Storage
 is a computer data storage on a medium or a device
that is not under the control of a processing unit.
 The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or
tertiary storage device, and then physically removed
or disconnected.
 It must be inserted or connected by a human operator
before a computer can access it again.
 e.g.
 Flash Drive, (Pen Drive, USB Drive)
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BASIC PARTS?
Equipment attached to computer are called
HARDWARE.
The instructions that tell it what to do are
called SOFTWARE.
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HARDWARE
• The hardware is the part of the computer you
can touch and see.
 Input
 Processing
 Output
 Storage
 Network
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HARDWARE

• The Computer, tower or case is the heart of the

system. This is a box that contains all the
parts that make the computer work.
• The Monitor is the display screen, similar to a
television screen.
• The Keyboard is what you type on, similar to a
typewriter.
• The Mouse is the small hand held device that
attaches to the computer.
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HARDWARE

• The Printer is a device that puts what you have

created on to paper.
• The Scanner similar to a color photocopier is a
device that captures pictures or documents, so
that they can be seen or used on the computer.
• The Laptop also known as a notebook computer
is a small personal computer designed for
mobile use.
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HARDWARE

• Hard Disk Drive HDD and SSD

• A Floppy Disk (sometimes just called a “disk”).
• A CD-ROM & DVD ROM is very similar to a
stereo’s CD player. It is also available in other
formats such as DVD-ROM.
• Switch, Router, Modem

• FAX machine. ???

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CPU
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CPU - LOGICAL

CU - Control Unit

ALU - Arithmetic
Logical Unit
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CONTROL UNIT (CU)

• The control unit determines the sequence in
which computer programs and instructions are
executed. Things like processing of programs
stored in the main memory, interpretation of
the instructions etc.
• Thereby it coordinates the activities of
computer’s peripheral equipment as they
perform the input, output and storage.
• Therefore it is the manager of all operations.
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ARITHMETIC LOGICAL UNIT

(ALU)
• After you enter data through the input device it
is stored in the primary storage unit. The
actual processing of the data and instruction
are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit.
• The major operations performed by the ALU are
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
logic and comparison.
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SOFTWARE
• Software is a part of the computer you cannot
touch.
• Software consist of computer programs and
procedures that perform some tasks on your
computer.
• Example – Any program on your Television.
 Program is software (Cannot be touch)
 Television is hardware (Can be touch)
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SOFTWARE

• Computer software is divided into three basic

types.
 System Software
 Application Software
 Programming Software
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SOFTWARE

• System software
 Operating System is the base program on a computer.
It tells the computer (hardware) how to work or
operate.
 The operating system also allows you to load other
programs that do specialized tasks on to your
computer.
 e.g. (Windows 9x, XP and Vista, 7, 10), Unix, Linux,
AIX, Sun Solaris, MAC, DOS (Disk Operating System),
Android, IOS
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SOFTWARE

• Application software
 Application software allows you to accomplish one or
more specific (non-computer related) tasks. Such as
computer games for entertainment or Microsoft Word
for typing.
 e.g. MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access),
Games, Media Player, Acrobat Reader, Anti Virus etc.
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SOFTWARE

• Programming software
 Programming software provides tools to assist a
computer programmer in writing programs and
software.
 e.g. Visual Studio (VB6, ASP, VB.Net, ASP.Net), JAVA,
Photoshop, C++, etc
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• CPU – Central Processing • VGA Card – Video Graphic

Unit Adapter
• NIC – Network Interface • CD & DVD – Compact Dick
Card & Digital Video Disk
• WLAN Card – Local Area • FDD & HDD – Floppy Disk
Network Card Drive, Hard Disk Drive
• Modem – Modulation and • USB - Universal Serial Bus
Demodulation
• LCD - Liquid Crystal
• I/O Card- Input Output Display
Card
• TFT – Thin Film Transistor
• Sound Card
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HOW TO START?
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BOOTING-UP YOUR
COMPUTER
• Check power cables of monitor and CPU
• Check there should not be any FDD, CD & DVD
or USB device attach with your computer
• Power-on the computer
• Start using the computer after your windows
desktop is completely loaded.
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OPERATING SYSTEM
• As an operating system Windows 7,8,10
manages all that the computer does. The main
screen is called the "Desktop" you can get to
everything your computer can do.
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“Desktop”
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ICONS
• On the desktop screen you will see several
small pictures. These pictures are called
"Icons." Double clicking the left mouse button
on an Icon will start the programs it
represents. Another way to start programs is
by using the “Start” button can do.
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“Icons”
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“START”
• The "Start" button is probably the most used
part of the Windows Desktop. The start button
is where you access all the programs on the
computer. When you click on the "Start"
button you will be shown a menu of the major
computer headings. These headings provide
access to the major programs on your
computer.

“Start”
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MENUS
• When you click on the "Start" button a menu
with options will appear. Moving the mouse
over the items in the menu causes them to
highlight. Clicking on a highlighted item will
open that program. To close the "Start" menu
click on the screen anywhere other then the
menu.
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“Menu”
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SELECTING A PROGRAM
• Moving the mouse over a menu item marked
with an arrow as shown below will open another
list with more options.
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SELECTING A PROGRAM
• To see all the programs available for you to use
on your computer click on the Start button and
in the menu that appears, highlight the item
named “Programs.” A new list will appear that
holds more selections. Explore these lists to
see all the programs available to you. When
you have found the program that you want to
use click on its icon.
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TASKBAR
• The taskbar can be recognized by the "Start" button
located on its left hand side and the clock on its right.
To switch between programs that are running at the
same time, click on the program buttons shown on the
taskbar. This is demonstrated below. Windows has the
ability to run several programs at once and to easily
switch back and forth between running programs. All
programs currently running are shown on the windows
"taskbar." The taskbar is a bar with pictures on in it that
runs across the very bottom of the screen.

“Taskbar” “Taskpane”
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WHAT IS A “WINDOW”?
• A Window is one of many basic feature of the
Microsoft Windows Operating System Software.
Windows allow you perform multiple tasks by
running multiple programs simultaneously.
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“Window”
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MOVING YOUR PROGRAM

WINDOW.
• Click and hold down the mouse button on the colored bar
(also called Title Bar) at the top of any program window.
While holding down the mouse button drag the window
to where you would like it on the screen. This cannot be
done when a window is open to full screen.

“Address Bar” “Colored Bar” “Menu Bar”

“Tool
Bar”
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MOVING YOUR PROGRAM

WINDOW.
• Close -- Click on the button marked with an “x.”
Clicking on this button stops the program you are
using.
• Restore -- This button will restore a program's window
to its original size. The original size of a window is a
little bit smaller then full screen.
• Maximize -- This button opens a program's window so
that it fills the screen as much as it can.
• Minimize -- This button puts a program on hold and
places it on the taskbar at the bottom of your screen.
To re-open a program that is on the taskbar click on the
box which represents the program you want to open.
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MOVING YOUR PROGRAM

WINDOW.
• Resizing -- When the mouse (cursor) is
positioned over this part of the program
window, a set of arrows appears. When these
arrows appear click and hold the mouse button
down. You will now be able to stretch the
program window in any direction.

Resizing”
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SHUTTING DOWN
• Shutting down
 Close all program
 Press start button
 Click on shutdown (Turn Off)
 Turn-Off

 Sleep
 Hibernate
THANK YOU