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11 Three Dimensional Geometry 1

This document discusses three dimensional geometry and direction cosines. It defines direction angles and direction cosines of a directed line passing through the origin. It also discusses finding direction cosines of a line not passing through the origin. The document further discusses direction ratios, equations of lines in space, angle between lines, shortest distance between skew lines, equations of planes, and finding equations of planes satisfying given conditions. It provides examples of important problems involving lines and planes in three dimensional geometry.

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tiwarikisto
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160 views21 pages

11 Three Dimensional Geometry 1

This document discusses three dimensional geometry and direction cosines. It defines direction angles and direction cosines of a directed line passing through the origin. It also discusses finding direction cosines of a line not passing through the origin. The document further discusses direction ratios, equations of lines in space, angle between lines, shortest distance between skew lines, equations of planes, and finding equations of planes satisfying given conditions. It provides examples of important problems involving lines and planes in three dimensional geometry.

Uploaded by

tiwarikisto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

By
Gopinathan M V
PGT Mathematics
JNV Sindhudurg
Maharashtra
Pune Region
Suppose a line passing through origin is
making angles α,β,γ with x-axis,y-axis,z-axis
respectively then α,β,γ are called direction
angles, then cosine of these angles
z
cosα,cosβ,cosγ are called direction cosines of
the directed line l.
l
γ
O
β y
α
Ifwe reverse the direction of l then direction
angles are replaced by their supplements' i.e. π-
α,π-β,π-γ.Then the sign of direction cosines are
reversed.

Inorder to have a unique set of direction cosines


,we must take given line as directed line. these
unique direction cosines are denoted by l,m,n.

Ifthe given line in space does not passes


through the origin, then in order to find it’s
direction cosines we draw a line through the
origin and parallel to the given line.
Any three numbers which are proportional to the
direction cosines are called direction ratios and
are denoted by a,b,c.
Note:

here , l=ak , m= bk , n=ck


therefore if a,b,c are direction ratios of a
linethen its direction cosines of the line are
b n= l
l= m=
 For any line if a,b,c are direction
ratios then ka,kb,kc[k≠0] also can
be taken as direction ratios.
Note:if l,m,n are direction cosines of
a line then l² +m²+n²=1
Note:direction cosines of aline
passing through two points(x,y,z)and
(x₂,y₂,z₂) is given by
x₂-x₁, y₂-y₁, z₂-z₁
Note: Direction cosines of X axis are 1,0,0
Direction cosines of Y axis are 0,1,0
Direction cosines of Z axis are 0,0,1
Equation of a line in Space
Equation of a line passing through a point
and parallel to a vector
Vector form:-Let a line passes through a
point with position vector and parallel to a
vector .Let P be any point on this line with
position vector .
Then the equation of the line in vector
form is given by = + ,where is some
scalar.
Cartesian form:-In cartesian form the
equation of the line is given by
where the line passes through the point ()
and a,b,c are the direction ratios of the line.
Equation of a line passing
through two points.
Vector form:-Let a line passes through two
points with position vector and .Let P be
any point on this line with position vector .
Then the equation of the line in vector form
is given by = + ),where is some scalar.
Cartesian form:- Let the line passes
through the points () and().Then the
equation of the line is
Angle Between Two lines
The angle between the two lines
and is given by cos
If positive then the angle between the
lines is acute and if negative then the
angle between the two lines is obtuse.
Note:- If a₁,b₁,c₁, and a₂,b₂,c₂, are the
direction ratios of two lines then

i) the lines are parallel iff

ii) the lines are perpendicular iff


a₁a₂+b₁b₂+c₁c₂=0
SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN
TWO SKEW LINES
If the two lines are given by + and + then the
shortest distance between the two lines given
by
Equation of a Plane
The vector equation of a plane which is at
a distance of d unit from the origin and
perpendicular to a vector is given by
.

The corresponding cartesian equation is


lx+my+nz=d,where l,m,n are the direction
cosines of the normal to the plane.
The vector equation of a plane passing
through a point whose position vector is
and perpendicular to a vector is given by
(
The corresponding cartesian equation is
a(x-)+b(y-)+c(z-)=0, where a,b,c are the
direction ratios of the normal to the plane
and (, , ) are the coordinates of the point
through which the line passes.
The vector equation of a plane passing
through three non collinear points whose
position vectors are are given by
(=0
The corresponding cartesian equation is
=0
EQUATION OF PLANE THROUGH THE
INTERSECTION OF TWO PLANES
Consider two planes new plane
a₁x+b₁y+c₁z+d₁=0 1
a₂x+b₂y+c₂z+d₂=0 2
The equation of plane through the
intersection of the two plane is given
1
2
By: 1+λ2=0 where λ is a scalar
(a₁x+b₁y+c₁z+d₁)+ λ(a₂x+b₂y+c₂z+d₂)=0
Questions!
1)find the equalation of the plane passing
through intersection of the planes.
r (2i+2j-3k)=7 r (2i+5j+3k)=9
And through the point (2,1,3)
2)Find the equation of the plane through
the line of
intersection of the planes.
x+y+2=1 and 2x+3y+42=5 which is
perpendicular to the plane x-y+z=0 .
FINDING EQUATION OF THE PLANE
PASSING THROUGH ONE POINT AND
SATISFYING TWO MORE
CONDITIONS

Note:equation of any plane passing through


(x₁,y₁,z₁)
can be taken as A(x-x₁)+B(y-y₁)+C(z-z ₁)=0
where A,B,C
are direction ratios of normal to the plane
(x₁,y₁,z)
normal
A,B,C
QUESTION

1)find equation of the plane [passing


through the point (-1,3,2) and
perpendicular to each of the planes
x+2y+3z=5 and 3x+3y+z=0.
Solution: The required plane is of the
form: =0
Here =P.V of (-1,3,2)=-
and )
=-7
Putting these values of we get the required
plane as
-7)=25
IMPORTANT TYPE OF PROBLEMS
1)Finding the equation of plane passing through
three noncollinear points.
2)verifying four points are coplanar and finding the
equation of plane containing these points.
3)Finding image of a point with respect to a
plane/line.
4)Finding the foot of a perpendicular from a point
to a plane/line.
5)Finding the distance of a point from plane
measured parallel to a line.
6)Finding the distance of point from a line
measured parallel to a plane.

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