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11 The Process of Evolution

This document summarizes the process of evolution, including key theories and evidence. It discusses Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics and Darwin's theory of natural selection and common descent. Mechanisms of evolution like genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation are described. Evidence of evolution includes fossil records showing gradual change, comparative anatomy revealing homologous structures, and molecular biology finding similar DNA sequences across species.

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Jomil Christopher Azurin
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84 views33 pages

11 The Process of Evolution

This document summarizes the process of evolution, including key theories and evidence. It discusses Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics and Darwin's theory of natural selection and common descent. Mechanisms of evolution like genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation are described. Evidence of evolution includes fossil records showing gradual change, comparative anatomy revealing homologous structures, and molecular biology finding similar DNA sequences across species.

Uploaded by

Jomil Christopher Azurin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE PROCESS OF

EVOLUTION
BY: MS. SOFIA VALDEZ
LESSON
OBJECTIVES:
• Explain the process of evolution.
• Identify some scientists who
contributed to the historical
developments of evolutionary
thoughts.
• Compare Lamarckian and Darwinian
Evolution.
CAUSE OF
DIVERSITY
• THEORY OF SPECIAL CREATION

• The theory of special creation is a belief that every species


was individually created by God in the form in which it
exists today and is not capable of undergoing any change.
• Carolus Linnaeus
CAUSE OF
DIVERSITY
2. THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

• Natural selection is a process by which a species changes


over time in response to changes in the environment, or
competition between organisms, in order for the species to
surive.
• Aristotle, Charles Darwin, Jean Baptiste Lamarck
WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
EVOLUTION
• It refers to the process that have
transformed or changed life on
earth from its earliest forms to
the vast diversity we observe
today.
• Any change in the heritable traits
within the population across
generation.
EVOLUTION

• Evolutionary change is mainly based on


the interactions between population of
organisms and their environment.
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTIONARY
• Genetic drift CHANGES
• is a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. Examples
of genetic drift are bottleneck effect and founder effect.
• Bottleneck effect takes place when population decreases due to various
environmental factors such as fires, earthquakes and floods.
• Founder effect happens when a small population of organisms
separates from the larger group to invade a new area.
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTIONARY
2. Gene flow
CHANGES
• is described as the movement
of genes from one population
to another. When this happens,
there is a tendency to increase
the gene diversity in the
populations.
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTIONARY
CHANGES
3. Mutation
• occurs when there is a change in the
genetic makeup caused by
environmental stressors. This process
expands diversity of organisms.
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTIONARY
CHANGES
4. Natural selection
• explains the difference in survival of individual and
reproduce in a particular environment.
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTIONARY
CHANGES
5. Nonrandom mating
• increases the frequency of animal with desirable traits. It
causes evolution because it intrudes the natural pool of
gene variations
LAMARCK'S THEORY OF
EVOLUTION
• Organisms constantly strive to improve themselves by changing.
• Changes are adaptations to environment acquired in an
organisms's lifetime.
• A structure is modified or changed by use or disuse.
• The modification is inherited to the offspring.
• Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
DARWIN'S THEORY OF
EVOLUTION
• The theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop
through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that
increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and
reproduce.
• Darwin defined evolution as "descent with modification," the
idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and
share a common ancestor.
COMMON DESCENT WITH
MODIFICATION
• All organisms are related
through descent from some
unknown ancestor that lived
in the distant past.
NATURAL SELECTION AND
ADAPTATION

• He suggested that population of individual species


become better adapted to their environment through
natural selection.
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

• The Struggle for Existence - members of each species


have to compete for food, shelter, other life necessities to
reproduce in a specific environment.
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

• Survival of the Fittest - Some individuals better suited


for the environment.
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

• Natural Selection - The unequal ability of individuals to


survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in a
population, with favorable characteristics accumulating
over generations new species evolve.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
• FOSSIL RECORDS
• remains or imprints.
• preserved in sediments.
• occur in layers (strata).
• fossils in different layers of
rock showed evidence of
gradual change.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
3. TAXONOMY
• hierarchical classification
structure developed by
Linnaeus.
• implies that species can be
grouped together based on
their relatedness.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
3. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
• compares anatomical structures from different organisms.
• similar structures in two or more species are called
homologous structures.
• homologous structures may perform different tasks in
different organisms.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
3. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
• scientists noticed animals with
backbones had similar bone
structure.
• limb bones develop in similar
patterns. (arms, wings, legs,
flippers)
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
4. COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY
• embryonic structures of
different species shows
significant similiraties.
• similar features due to shared
ancestry.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
5. BIOGEOGRAPHY
• distribution of species
• many related species occur
across the earth.
• explained by continental drift
of plates and speciation.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
6. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
• includes comparison of: protein sequences, DNA sequences, chloroplast
genomes (plants).

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