Lesson 1.

1:
Real Numbers, Relation and
Functions
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
① Distinguish the types of relations.
② Find the domain and range of a function.
③ Evaluate a function at a particular value.
④ Perform operations on functions.
⑤ Apply techniques in finding a composite of a function.
The Set of Real Numbers
Set Notation
A set is any well-defined list, collection, or class of objects. The
objects in a set are called the elements or members of the set.

Example: Identity which of the following is a well-defined set.

① Let be the set of letters.
② Let be the set of letters in the alphabet.
Ways on how to express a set:
① Roster Form (listing its elements)
 The elements are separated by commas and enclosed in
braces { }.
 The elements within the set are never repeated.
 The elements can appear in any order.

Example: Let V be the set of the vowels of the alphabet,

then we write V = {a, e, i, o, u}.
② Set- Builder Notation (describing its elements)
Set-builder notation lists the rules that determine whether an object
is an element of the set or it stating properties which its elements
must satisfy rather than the actual elements.

Example: Let V be the set of the vowels of the alphabet, then we

write V = {}.
③ Interval Notation
An interval notation shows the set of real numbers contained
between two real numbers.

It is useful to show values between intervals.

Example: [0,10] This interval represents the values

from 0 to 10
Set Operations
Intersection of Sets
The intersection of any two sets A and B, denoted by , is the set
of all elements common to both A and B.

Union of Sets
The union of any two sets A and B, denoted by , is the set of all
elements in set A or in set B or in both A and B.
The Real Number System
Real Numbers Symbol Examples
Rational Numbers ,,

Irrational Numbers , ,,

Integers
Whole Numbers
Natural/Counting
Numbers
The Real Number System
The real number line

The real number line is a line graph used to visualize the set of real
numbers. This line extends infinitely in both directions. An random point,
called the origin, is labeled , with positive units to the right of the origin
and negative units to the left of the origin.
Exercise: Classify the following real numbers as (a) natural numbers, (b)
integers, (c) rational numbers, or (d) irrational numbers. Write them under
the corresponding column.

Natural Number Integer Rational Number Irrational Number

Relation
A sari-sari store owner suspects that the daily income of the store depends on the number of
hours of service. The table below summarizes some of the data collected.

Hours 5 6 7 10 12
Income P1,300 P2,100 3,700 P4,900 P5,800
The data in the table can also be described with ordered pairs. The first coordinate is the
number of hours, and the second coordinate is the income. The set of ordered pairs are:

This set is an example of a relation.

Relation
Definition. A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The first number of an
ordered pair shows correspondence to its second number.
y
Types of Relation
1. One-to-many relation ordered pair
b P(a, b)
2. One-to-one relation
3. Many-to-one relation x
a
4. Many-to-many relation
Relation

Examples: Identify the type of relation.

Make a diagram to show the type of relation.

1. 2.
 Make a diagram to show the type of relation.

3. 4.
 Relation
Make a diagram to show the type of relation.
x inputs y outputs x inputs y outputs
1. 2.
2 1 2
0 2 5
3
-4 7 4
7 5 6

One-to-many relation One-to-one relation

 Relation
Make a diagram to show the type of relation.
x inputs y outputs x inputs y outputs
3. 4.
4
3 11 5
6 8 7
-2
-10 7 10

Many-to-one relation Many-to-many relation

Function
Definition. A function is a set of ordered pairs of number in which each
element in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range.

Domain: The set of all admissible values of x; also known as inputs

containing the x-values.

Range: The set of all resulting values of y; also known as the output
containing the y-values.
Function
Q U E S T I O N:
Is each type of relation considered a function?

You’re right!
Some types of relation are considered function.

… And these are one-to-one and many-

to-one relation.
Function Example: Determine whether the given relation
represents a function.

Domain Range Domain Range

a. b.
Love
Real
Jerry Josh
Truth
Hurts
Ann Lynn
Pain
Once
Genie Mae
Live
Sin
Lie

{ ( −1 ,15 ) , ( − 3 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 11 ) , (− 3 , −1 ) }
c.
a. Function b. Function c. Not a
Function Notation
Functions are usually given in terms of equations , rather than set of ordered pairs.
Think of a function as a machine that is programmed with a rule or an equation that
defines the relationship between input and output.

Input
x

function Functions that are given as equations use the

Machine notation. For example, describes the function that
takes an input , multiplies it by 3 and then adds 4.
Note: .
output
 Domain and Range from Graphs

Example 1: A continuous graph with two endpoints.

Domain: To find the domain for a graph with two

endpoints, always identify the x-values of the endpoints
from left to right.

Range: To find the range, identify the y-values of the

bottom point and the top point.
 Domain and Range from Graphs

Example 2: A continuous graph with one endpoint.

Domain: If the arrow is pointing to the left, the domain
would be less than or equal to the -coordinate of the
endpoint. If the arrow is pointing to the right, the domain
would be greater than or equal to the -coordinate of the
endpoint.

Range: If the arrow is pointing down, the range would be less

than or equal to the -coordinate of the endpoint. If the arrow is
pointing up, the range would be greater than or equal to the -
coordinate of the endpoint.
 Domain and Range from Graphs

Example 3: A continuous graph that has two arrows.

Domain: If one of the arrows is pointing to the right side and

the other is pointing on the left side, then the domain would be
the set of all real numbers.

Range: If one of the arrows is pointing up and one of the

arrows is pointing down, then the range would be the set of all
real numbers.
 Domain and Range from Graphs

Remember!
Domain: To find the domain, focus on the left to right side of the
graph.
Range: To find the range, focus on the bottom to top of the
graph.
 Example: Find the domain and range of the following functions.
Function Domain Range

2.
3.
4.
Find the domain and range:

①
Find the domain and range:

②
Find the domain and range:

③
Find the domain and range:

④
 Example: Find the domain and range of the following functions.
Function Domain Range

2.
3.
4.
Evaluating Functions
Evaluation of function is the replacement of values of the variable
with any element of the domain and computing for the result.

Examples: Evaluate each of the following functions as indicated.

1. Given , find
a) b) c) d)

2. Given find
a) b) c)
1. Given , find

a) b) c) d)
2. Given find

a) b)
c)
 Operation on Functions
If and are functions:
Their sum, denoted by , is the function defined by

The domain of consists of the numbers that are in the domain of and in the domain of .

If and are functions:

Their difference, denoted by , is the function defined by

The domain of consists of the numbers that are in the domain of and in the domain of .
 Operation on Functions
If and are functions:
Their product, denoted by , is the function defined by

The domain of consists of the numbers that are in the domain of and in the domain of .

If and are functions:

Their quotient, denoted by , is the function defined by
,
The domain of consists of the numbers that are in the domain of and in the domain of .
Examples: Evaluate the following.
1. If and , find
a) b) c) d)

2. Given and , find

a) b) c)
① If and , find

a) b)
① If and , find

c) d)
② Given and , find

a) b) c)
 Composite Function

Definition. Given the two functions and , the composite function,

denoted by , is defined by;

and the domain of is the set of all numbers in the domain of g

such that is in the domain of f.
 Composite Function

The figure below provides an illustration of the definition. Notice

that the “inside” function in is done first.

𝒈 𝒇
input x 𝒈(𝒙) output
Examples:
① Let and , find

a) b)

② Given and , find .

③ Given and , find .

① Let and , find
a) b)
② Given and , find .
③ Given and , find .
QUIZ #1c: (1/2 crosswise)

Find the domain and range of the following:

a)
QUIZ #1d: (1/2 crosswise)
Perform the indicated operation of the following. Show every necessary solution.
1. Given , evaluate:
a) b) c) Domain of
2. Given and , find:
a) ; b) ; c) Domain of