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Lecture No. 12 - Hamilton's Equation in One Dimension

This document discusses Hamilton's equations of motion for a one-dimensional conservative system. It defines the generalized coordinate q and momentum p. Hamilton's equations are derived from the Lagrangian L, which is a function of q and dq/dt. This leads to two first-order differential equations relating the changes in q and p to the Hamiltonian H, the total energy of the system. The Hamiltonian approach thus replaces the single second-order differential equation of the Lagrangian formalism with two coupled first-order equations.

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39 views19 pages

Lecture No. 12 - Hamilton's Equation in One Dimension

This document discusses Hamilton's equations of motion for a one-dimensional conservative system. It defines the generalized coordinate q and momentum p. Hamilton's equations are derived from the Lagrangian L, which is a function of q and dq/dt. This leads to two first-order differential equations relating the changes in q and p to the Hamiltonian H, the total energy of the system. The Hamiltonian approach thus replaces the single second-order differential equation of the Lagrangian formalism with two coupled first-order equations.

Uploaded by

ghulamhasnaintariq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classical Mechanics-II (PHYS-3106)

Semester: Spring 2020

Lecture No. - 12
“Hamilton’s equation in one dimension”

Instructor: Dr. GHULAM HASNAIN TARIQ


J. R. Taylor, “Classical Mechanics” Chapter. 13

T. L. Chow “Classical Mechanics”, CRC Press; 2nd Ed. Chapter 4.

G.R. Fowles & G.L. Cassiday “Analytical Mechanics” 7 th Ed. Chapter 10.

S. Thornton, J. Marion, “Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems” 5 th Ed. Chapter 7.

PROBLEM’S MANUAL:
https://www.slader.com/textbook/9781891389221-classical-mechanics/
“Hamiltonian Mechanics”

(Study time: 3-5 hours )


Hamiltonian mechanics is equivalent to Newtonian but is considerably more flexible in its
choice of coordinates.
Lagrangian formalism centers on the Lagrangian function £.
Hamiltonian approach is based on the Hamiltonian function H .
For most of the systems we shall meet, H is just the total energy.
Thus one advantage of Hamilton's formalism is that it is based on a function, H , which (unlike
the Lagrangian £) has a clear physical significance and is frequently conserved. The
Hamiltonian approach is also especially well suited for handling other conserved quantities.
Hamiltonian mechanics leads very naturally from classical mechanics into quantum mechanics.
Hamilton's formulation plays an important role in many branches of modern physics.
Because the Hamiltonian version of mechanics is closer to the Lagrangian than to the
Newtonian and arises naturally from the Lagrangian.
For most systems of interest, £ is just the difference of the kinetic and potential energies, T –
U. The Lagrangian £ is a function of the n generalized coordinates q 1 , . . . . , qn, their n time
derivatives (or generalized velocities) , , . . . . and, perhaps, the time:

The n coordinates (q1 , . . . . , qn) specify a position or "configuration" of the system, and can be

thought of as defining a point in an n-dimensional configuration space. The 2n coordinates (q1

, . . . . , qn, , , . . . . ) define a point in state space.


These 2n coordinates specify a set of initial conditions (at any chosen time t o) that determine
a unique solution of the n second-order differential equations of motion, Lagrange's
equations,

As the generalized
momentum is given by;
There is an important difference between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms. In the
former we label the state of the system by the 2n coordinates;

consisting of the n generalized positions and the n generalized momenta (instead of the
generalized velocities).
“Hamilton’s equation in one dimension”
Derive Hamilton's equations of motion for a conservative, one-dimensional system
with a single "natural" generalized coordinate q. For example, for a plane pendulum,
in which case q could be the usual angle f, or a bead on a stationary wire, in which
case q could be the horizontal distance x along the wire. For any such system, the
Lagrangian is a function of and , that is,

a frictionless wire of variable height y = f (x), we know that; =


Here the x dependence of the kinetic energy came about when we rewrote the in terms of the
horizontal distance x. Then the Lagrangian for a conservative system with "natural" coordinates
(and in one dimension here) has the general form;
From equation (13.10) of L, we can calculate the generalized momentum p as;

total energy.
This is the second of the Hamiltonian equations of motion and gives in terms of the
Hamiltonian H. Collecting them together (and reordering a bit), we have Hamilton's equations
for a one-dimensional system:

In the Lagrangian formalism, the equation of motion of a one-dimensional system is a single


second-order differential equation for q. In the Hamiltonian approach, there are two first-order
equations, one for q and one for p.
This is the second of the Hamiltonian equations of motion and gives in terms of the
Hamiltonian H. Collecting them together (and reordering a bit), we have Hamilton's equations
for a one-dimensional system:

In the Lagrangian formalism, the equation of motion of a one-dimensional system is a single


second-order differential equation for q. In the Hamiltonian approach, there are two first-order
equations, one for q and one for p.
This is the second of the Hamiltonian equations of motion and gives in terms of the
Hamiltonian H. Collecting them together (and reordering a bit), we have Hamilton's equations
for a one-dimensional system:

In the Lagrangian formalism, the equation of motion of a one-dimensional system is a single


second-order differential equation for q. In the Hamiltonian approach, there are two first-order
equations, one for q and one for p.
This is the second of the Hamiltonian equations of motion and gives in terms of the
Hamiltonian H. Collecting them together (and reordering a bit), we have Hamilton's equations
for a one-dimensional system:

In the Lagrangian formalism, the equation of motion of a one-dimensional system is a single


second-order differential equation for q. In the Hamiltonian approach, there are two first-order
equations, one for q and one for p.

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