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Chapter1 Part2

This document contains an introduction to computer networking concepts including network structure and components. It discusses the network edge including end systems, access networks, and links. The network core consists of interconnected routers and the network of networks. Access networks connect end systems to edge routers and include digital subscriber line (DSL), cable networks, home networks, enterprise networks, and wireless networks. Physical media that carry bits between networked devices include twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and radio waves.

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Sarah AlJaber
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
31 views33 pages

Chapter1 Part2

This document contains an introduction to computer networking concepts including network structure and components. It discusses the network edge including end systems, access networks, and links. The network core consists of interconnected routers and the network of networks. Access networks connect end systems to edge routers and include digital subscriber line (DSL), cable networks, home networks, enterprise networks, and wireless networks. Physical media that carry bits between networked devices include twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and radio waves.

Uploaded by

Sarah AlJaber
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Chapter 1- Part 2

Introduction

A note on the use of these ppt slides: Computer


We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers).
They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify, Networking: A
and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs.
They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only Top Down
ask the following:
 If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source Approach
(after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
 If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted
6th edition
from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
material. Addison-Wesley
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR March 2012
All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-2
A closer look at network structure:
 network edge: mobile network
 hosts: clients and servers
 servers often in data centers global ISP

home
 access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links

 network core:
 interconnected routers
 network of networks institutional
network

Introduction 1-3
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school, company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
 shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-4
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM


 data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
 voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
Introduction 1-5
Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted


in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-6
Access net: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem


modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different


frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax


 asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2
Mbps upstream transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
 homes share access network to cable headend
 unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
Introduction 1-7
Access net: home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT


point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Introduction 1-8
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,


switch web servers

 typically used in companies, universities, etc


 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-9
Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access network connects end system to router
 via base station aka “ access point”

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access


 within building (100 ft)  provided by telco (cellular)
 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 operator, 10’s km
Mbps transmission rate  between 1 and 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

Introduction 1-10
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L L bits each
bits
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R 2 1
 link transmission rate, R: link transmission rate
aka link capacity, aka host
link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)


transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
1-11
Physical media
 bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
 physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
between transmitter & receiver  two insulated copper wires
 guided media:  Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gpbs Ethernet
 signals propagate in solid  Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
 signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-12
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper  glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 broadband:  high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
 multiple channels on cable Gpbs transmission rate)
 HFC  low error rate:
 repeaters spaced far apart
 immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction 1-13
Physical media: radio
 signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum  terrestrial microwave
 e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
 no physical “ wire”  LAN (e.g., WiFi)
 bidirectional  11Mbps, 54 Mbps
 propagation environment  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
effects:  3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
 satellite
 reflection  Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple
 obstruction by objects smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
 interference  geosynchronous versus low altitude

Introduction 1-14
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-15
The network core
 mesh of interconnected
routers
 packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
 forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
 each packet transmitted at
full link capacity

Introduction 1-16
Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

more on delay shortly …


Introduction 1-17
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:


 If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link
for a period of time:
 packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
 packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

Introduction 1-18
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets
destination route taken by from router’s input to
packets appropriate router output
 routing algorithms

routing algorithm

local forwarding table


header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
11
01

dest address in arriving


packet’s header
Network Layer 4-19
Alternative core: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “ call” between
source & dest:
 In diagram, each link has four
circuits.
 call gets 2nd circuit in top link
and 1st circuit in right link.
 dedicated resources: no sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 circuit segment idle if not used by
call (no sharing)
 Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks

Introduction 1-20
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
Introduction 1-21
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!

example:
 1 Mb/s link
N

…..
 each user:
users
• 100 kb/s when “ active”
• active 10% of time 1 Mbps link

 circuit-switching:
 10 users
 packet switching: Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
 with 35 users, probability >
10 active at same time is less Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
than .0004 *

* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples Introduction 1-22
Packet switching versus circuit switching
is packet switching a “ slam dunk winner?”
 great for bursty data
 resource sharing
 simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
 protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
 bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
 still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)

Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching)


versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?
Introduction 1-23
Internet structure: network of networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
 Residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
 So that any two hosts can send packets to each other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
 Evolution was driven by economics and national policies
 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net


access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP



to each other directly doesn’t


access access

net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access

… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net


global
access
net ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A


access access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
…. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point

access
access
access
net net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A


access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPS

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A


access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai )
may run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A


Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP B
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access


ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

 at center: small # of well-connected large networks


 “ tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national &
international coverage
 content provider network (e.g, Google): private network that connects it
data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs Introduction 1-32
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence

to/from backbone

peering
… … …

to/from customers

Introduction 1-33

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