Chapter1 Part2
Chapter1 Part2
Introduction
Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-2
A closer look at network structure:
network edge: mobile network
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers global ISP
home
access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
interconnected routers
network of networks institutional
network
Introduction 1-3
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access
networks (school, company)
mobile access networks
keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-4
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
Introduction 1-8
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Introduction 1-9
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access network connects end system to router
via base station aka “ access point”
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction 1-10
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L L bits each
bits
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R 2 1
link transmission rate, R: link transmission rate
aka link capacity, aka host
link bandwidth
Introduction 1-12
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
two concentric copper glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
bidirectional high-speed operation:
broadband: high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
multiple channels on cable Gpbs transmission rate)
HFC low error rate:
repeaters spaced far apart
immune to electromagnetic noise
Introduction 1-13
Physical media: radio
signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum terrestrial microwave
e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
no physical “ wire” LAN (e.g., WiFi)
bidirectional 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
propagation environment wide-area (e.g., cellular)
effects: 3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
satellite
reflection Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple
obstruction by objects smaller channels)
270 msec end-end delay
interference geosynchronous versus low altitude
Introduction 1-14
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-15
The network core
mesh of interconnected
routers
packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
Introduction 1-16
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
Introduction 1-18
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets
destination route taken by from router’s input to
packets appropriate router output
routing algorithms
routing algorithm
Introduction 1-20
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-21
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
example:
1 Mb/s link
N
…..
each user:
users
• 100 kb/s when “ active”
• active 10% of time 1 Mbps link
circuit-switching:
10 users
packet switching: Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
with 35 users, probability >
10 active at same time is less Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
than .0004 *
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples Introduction 1-22
Packet switching versus circuit switching
is packet switching a “ slam dunk winner?”
great for bursty data
resource sharing
simpler, no call setup
excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
access
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Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?
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to each other directly doesn’t
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scale: O(N2) connections. net
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Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access
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net
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…
…
global
access
net ISP access
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Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….
access
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access net
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ISP A
…
…
access access
net ISP B net
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ISP C
net
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Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
…. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
…
access
access
access
net net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
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net
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net
peering link
access
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Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPS
access
… access
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net …
net
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access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai )
may run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP B
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of networks
IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP
to/from backbone
peering
… … …
…
to/from customers
Introduction 1-33