L2v1 Image Formation
L2v1 Image Formation
L2v1 Image Formation
Image formation
Cameras
• First photograph due to Niepce ( following slide)
• First on record shown in the book - 1822
• Basic abstraction is the pinhole camera
– lenses required to ensure image is not too dark
– various other abstractions can be applied
O
X x -x
f
Z f xX
Z
Parallel lines meet - Vanishing points
• each set of parallel lines • Good ways to spot faked
(=direction) meets at a images
different point – scale and perspective don’t
– The vanishing point for this work
direction – vanishing points behave
• Sets of parallel lines on the badly
– supermarket tabloids are a
same plane lead to collinear
great source.
vanishing points.
– The line is called the horizon
for that plane
Weak perspective
• Issue
– perspective effects, but not
over the scale of individual
objects
– collect points into a group at
about the same depth, then
divide each point by the
depth of its group
– Adv: easy
– Disadv: wrong
Orthographic projection
Generally, pinhole
cameras are dark, because
a very small set of rays
from a particular point
hits the screen.
The reason for lenses
Thin Lens: Projection
Image plane
optical axis
f z
3 assumptions :
1. all rays from a point are focused onto 1 image point
• Remember thin lens small angle assumption
2 types :
1. geometrical
2. chromatic
spherical aberration
astigmatism
distortion
coma
Spherical aberration
Astigmatism
Different focal length for inclined rays
Distortion
magnification/focal length different
for different angles of inclination
pincushion
(tele-photo)
barrel
(wide-angle)
Lens materials
Crown Glass
Germanium 14000
Saphire 6000
Plastic (PMMA)
100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
WAVELENGTH (nm)
additional considerations :
humidity and temperature resistance, weight, price,...
Photographs
(Niepce,
“La Table Servie,” 1822)
Daguerreotypes (1839)
Photographic Film (Eastman,1889)
Cinema (Lumière Brothers,1895)
Color Photography
(Lumière Brothers, 1908)
Television
(Baird, Farnsworth, Zworykin, 1920s)
Sampling Quantization
What is an image?
8 bits/pixel
255
What is an image? (cont’d)
• We can think of a (grayscale) image as a function, f, from
R2 to R (or a 2D signal):
– f (x,y) gives the intensity at position (x,y)
f (x, y)
Images have
been resized
for easier
sampled by a factor of sampled by a factor of 8 comparison
Image Quantization - Example
• 256 gray levels (8bits/pixel) 32 gray levels (5 bits/pixel) 16 gray levels (4 bits/pixel)
20 160 80 23 43 74 109 0
255 0 45 38 90 167 78 45
45 54 78 23 187 186 100 31
20 160 80 23 43 74 109 0
45 175 85 230 45 100 0 200
45 54 78 23 187 186 100 31
84 123 0 247 209 209 213 76
45 175 85 230 45 100 0 200
83 90 43 254 0 78 254 34
84 123 0 247 209 209 213 76
50 208 63 211 101 89 24 40
83 90 43 254 0 78 254 34
120 0 200 45 60 34 80 237
50 208 63 211 101 89 24 40
=
Colour images
r ( x, y )
f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )
b( x, y )
Color sensing in camera: Color filter array
• In traditional systems, color filters are applied to a single
layer of photodetectors in a tiled mosaic pattern.
Bayer grid
Why more green?
demosaicing
(interpolation)
Alterative Color paces
• RGB (CIE), RnGnBn (TV - National Television Standard Committee)
• XYZ (CIE)
• UVW (UCS de la CIE), U*V*W* (UCS modified by the CIE)
• YUV, YIQ, YCbCr
• YDbDr
• DSH, HSV, HLS, IHS
• Munsel color space (cylindrical representation)
• CIELuv
• CIELab
• SMPTE-C RGB
• YES (Xerox)
• Kodak Photo CD, YCC, YPbPr, ...