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    Quantum

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    raizzaligod
    Three physicists, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Heisenberg, developed a new quantum mechanical model of the atom that improved upon the classical model. Their model proposed that electrons exist as probabilistic wavefunctions rather than definite particles, and that their properties can only be described statistically using quantum numbers and orbitals. The quantum mechanical model uses the Schrodinger equation to describe electron location probabilities in atomic orbitals that are arranged in principal energy levels. This model better explains experimental observations than the classical model.

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    Quantum

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    raizzaligod
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    Three physicists, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Heisenberg, developed a new quantum mechanical model of the atom that improved upon the classical model. Their model proposed that electrons exist as probabilistic wavefunctions rather than definite particles, and that their properties can only be described statistically using quantum numbers and orbitals. The quantum mechanical model uses the Schrodinger equation to describe electron location probabilities in atomic orbitals that are arranged in principal energy levels. This model better explains experimental observations than the classical model.

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    Three physicists, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Heisenberg, developed a new quantum mechanical model of the atom that improved upon the classical model. Their model proposed that electrons exist as probabilistic wavefunctions rather than definite particles, and that their properties can only be described statistically using quantum numbers and orbitals. The quantum mechanical model uses the Schrodinger equation to describe electron location probabilities in atomic orbitals that are arranged in principal energy levels. This model better explains experimental observations than the classical model.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views33 pages

    Quantum

    Uploaded by

    raizzaligod
    Three physicists, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Heisenberg, developed a new quantum mechanical model of the atom that improved upon the classical model. Their model proposed that electrons exist as probabilistic wavefunctions rather than definite particles, and that their properties can only be described statistically using quantum numbers and orbitals. The quantum mechanical model uses the Schrodinger equation to describe electron location probabilities in atomic orbitals that are arranged in principal energy levels. This model better explains experimental observations than the classical model.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    THREE PHYSICISTS THAT WORKS

    ON BETTER MODEL OF THE ATOM

    • 1. Louis de Broglie
    • 2. Erwin schrodinger
    • 3. Werner heisenberg
    • Louis de Broglie (1892–1987) hypothesized that
    particles, including electrons, could also have
    wavelike behaviors.
    • Electrons do not behave like particles flying through
    space.
    • We cannot, in general, describe their exact paths.
    • In 1926, Erwin Schrodinger derived an
    equation that described the energy and
    position of the electrons in an atom
    WERNER HEISENBERG
    • Formulated his “uncertainty principle” which states that ,”it is
    impossible to determine momentum and the position of an electron
    at the same time accurately.
    • Instead, these scientists believed that there is only a probability that
    the electron can be found in a certain volume in space around the
    nucleus. This volume or region of space around the nucleus where
    the electron is most likely to be found is called an
    ATOMIC ORBITAL.
    ATOMIC ORBITAL

    • A CERTAIN VOLUME IN SPACE AROUND THE NUCLEUS


    WHERE YOU CAN MOST PROBABLY FIND THE ELECTRON
    QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
    • Comes from the mathematical solution to the Schrodinger equation
    • This view is an electron of a cloud of negative charge having a certain
    geometrical shape and shows how likely an electron could be found in
    various locations around the nucleus
    • Does not give any information about how the electron moves from one
    position to another
    • Provides information about the energy of the electron and describes
    the region of space around the nucleus as consisting of shells, known
    as the principal or main energy.
    • The quantum mechanical model also gives information about the
    energy of the electron and describes the region of space around the
    nucleus as consisting of shells.

    • These shells are also called principal or


    main energy levels.
    The principal energy levels or shells may have one or
    more sublevels.

    These sublevels are assigned with letters; s, p, d


    and f
    ATOMIC SUB LEVELS/
    ORBITALS
    • 1. s-orbital (s for sharp) – it is a spherical cloud that becomes less
    dense as the distance from the nucleus increases.
    2. P-ORBITAL ( P FOR
    PRINCIPAL)
    • It is dumbbell –shaped cloud, having two lobes on opposite sides of
    nucleus.
    • It can never be found near the nucleus
    • Has three types based on its orientation
    1. px – along the x-axis
    2. py – along the y-axis
    3. pz – along the z-axis
    3. D-ORBITAL (D FOR
    DIFFUSED)
    • It is like a four-leaf clover, as an hour and as a ring.
    • Its shape are more complicated than the s- and p-orbitals
    • Has 5 orbitals with its own spatial orientation :
    • dxy, d x2y2, dxz, dz2, dyz
    4. F-ORBITAL (F FOR
    FUNDAMENTAL)
    • Are the difficult to represent and too complex to visualize
    among them
    • There are seven f orbitals which have complex appearance
    SUMMARY
    # of
    shapes Maximum Starts at
    (orbitals) electrons energy level
    s 1 2 1

    p 3 6 2

    d 5 10 3

    f 7 14 4
    BY ENERGY LEVEL

    • Second
    First Energy
    EnergyLevel
    Level
    • Has sonlyandsporbital
    orbitals available
    • 2only
    in s,2 6electrons
    in p
    • 2s
    1s22p6
    • 8 total electrons
    BY ENERGY LEVEL

    • Fourth
    Third energy
    energylevel
    level
    • Has s, p, d,
    andand
    d orbitals
    f orbitals
    • 2 in s, 6 in p, 10
    andin10d,inand
    d 14 in f
    • 4s 2 6 10 14
    3s 4p
    3p 4d
    3d 4f
    • 32
    18 total electrons
    BY ENERGY LEVEL

    •TheAnyorbitals
    more thando not
    the fill
    fourth
    up in
    and
    a neat
    not all
    order.
    the
    • orbitals willlevels
    The energy fill up.overlap
    •• You simply
    Lowest runfill
    energy outfirst.
    of electrons
    Valence shell - the highest occupied
    energy level or electron shell
    Valence electrons- electrons occupying
    the valence shell.
    Closed shell – atoms with complete
    valence electron
    ORBITALS/ ATOMIC ORBITALS –ARE
    USUALLY ILLUSTRATED AS
    ELECTRON CLOUDS
    -IT IS A REGION AROUND THE
    NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM WITH THE
    GREATEST PROBABILITY OF
    FINDING THE ELECTRONS
    ELECTRON
    CONFIGURATION
    The arrangement of electrons in
    the orbital of an atom.
    The distribution of electrons on the
    main energy level( shells) and sub
    energy levels (sub-shells).
    AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
    • Electrons in an atom occupy first the lowest
    possible energy levels and/or orbitals
    • Within an energy level, the s subshell is the
    lowest energy sublevel. The f subshell is
    the highest energy sublevel. The p & d
    sublevels are in the middle but d has more
    energy than p
    • Energy levels sometimes overlap but since
    electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy
    first, electrons will fill a 4s orbital before a
    3d
    ELECTRON
    CONFIGURATION
    a. a number that designates the number of
    principal shell
    ex: 1
    b. a letter that designates the subshell
    ( orbital)
    s, p, d, f
    c. asubscript that designates the number of e-
    in that particular shell
    1s2
    ORBITAL DIAGRAM
    • This is used to determine the paired
    and unpaired electrons.

    • And the distribution and direction or


    spin of the electrons
    1. PAULI’S EXCLUSION
    PRINCIPLE
    • An atomic orbital can describe at most
    two electrons.
    • Atomic orbitals are represented using a
    box.
    • In order for two electrons to fill the same
    orbital, they must have opposite spins.
    One spins clockwise and one spins
    counterclockwise.
    4 LEVELS OF ELECTRON

    •s= 2
    •p = 6
    •d= 10
    •f =14
    • s

    •P

    •d
    •f
    2. HUNDS RULE
    •States that when you get
    degenerate orbitals, you
    have to fill them all the way
    first, and then you start
    pairing up the electrons
    •Electrons are filled in one at
    a time before pairing
    8
    O
    15.9994

    NOTATION
    • Orbital Diagram

    O
    8e- 1s 2s 2p
    • Electron Configuration

    1s 2s 2p 2 2 4
    Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
    FILLING RULES FOR ELECTRON
    ORBITALS
    Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest
    energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom
    have been accounted for.

    Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.


    To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in opposite
    directions.

    Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that


    a maximum number of unpaired electrons results.

    *Aufbau is German for “building up”


    ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
    Electron Configurations
    Orbital Filling
    Electron
    Element 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s Configuration

    H 1s1

    He 1s2
    NOT CORRECT
    Li 1s22s1
    Violates Hund’s Rule
    C 1s22s22p2

    N 1s22s22p3

    O 1s22s22p4

    F 1s22s22p5

    Ne 1s22s22p6

    Na 1s22s22p63s1
    ORBITAL DIAGRAMS FOR Ni 28

    NICKEL 58.6934

    2 2 6 2 6 2 8
    1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

    Pauli Exclusion

    1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
    Hund’s Rule

    1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
    ORBITAL DIAGRAMS FOR Ni 28

    NICKEL 58.6934

    2 2 6 2 6 2 8
    1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

    VIOLATES Pauli Exclusion

    1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
    VIOLATES Hund’s Rule

    1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

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