Ray optics & Optical

instruments
 Objectives
 Introduction
 Reflection of Light
 Refraction of light
 Dispersion of light
 Total internal reflection
 Scattering of light  Sub objctive
 Sub point
 Human eye  Co-sub point

 Rainbow formation
 Optial instruments
 Introduction
Sources of
Study of light
Light

Primary source Secondary source Ray optics Wave optics

e.g: Sun e.g: Moon

Speed of light= 3* 108 m/s

Sun to Earth= 8 min 16 sec Types of bodies as
Moon to Earth= 1.28 Sec per nature of light

Transparent Opaque
Translucent
bodies bodies
bodies
 Reflection of light
 Reflection of light on plane mirror:

 Laws of reflection
 IR, RR, & POI lie in same plane
 IA= RA
 Reflection of light
 Images formed by plane mirror:
Where, f = focal length of plane mirror = ∞
u = Distance of Object
v = Distance of Image
p = Height of Object
q = Height of Image
p q
u=v
u v

Position of object Position of image Image Size Nature of image

Anywhere in front of
Behind the mirror Equal to object Virtual and Erect
mirror
 Reflection of light

 No. of images (N) formed by two plane mirror at an angle (θ):

Sr. Value of No. of Images

Position of
No. Formed (N)
object

1 Even Symmetric

2 Even Asymmetric

3 Odd Symmetric

4 Odd Asymmetric
Symmetric /
5 Fraction
Asymmetric
 Reflection of light
 Reflection of light on Spherical mirrors :
 Terminology of Spherical mirror:
 Reflection of light
 Images formed by spherical mirror and their ray diagrams:

 (i) Concave Mirror

Object is placed at ∞ Object is placed bet ∞ and C

Image is at F Image is between C and F

 Reflection of light
Object at C Object is between C and F

Image is at C Image is between ∞ and C

Object between F and P

Object at F

Image is at ∞ Image behind the mirror

 Reflection of light

Position of object Position of image Image Size Nature of image

Between P and F Behind the mirror Enlarged Virtual and Erect

At F At ∞ Highly Enlarged Real and Inverted

Between F and C Beyond C Enlarged Real and Inverted

At C At C Equal to object Real and Inverted

Between C and ∞ Between F and C Diminished Real and Inverted

At ∞ At focus (F) Highly Diminished Real and Inverted

 Reflection of light

 (ii) Convex mirror

Object is placed at ∞ Object is placed anywhere bet ∞ and P

Image Behind the mirror

Image Behind the between P and F
mirror at F
 Reflection of light

Position of object Position of image Image Size Nature of image

Anywhere between Behind the mirror

Diminished Virtual and Erect
P and ∞ between P and F

At ∞ Behind the mirror at F Highly Diminished Virtual and Erect

 Rules to draw ray diagrams:

i. When incident ray is parallel to principal axis then reflected ray is passes from
focus (F).
ii. When incident ray is passes from focus (F) then reflected ray is parallel to principal
axis.
iii.When incident ray is passes from centre of curvature (C) then reflected ray is follow
same path.
 Reflection of light
 Cartesian Sign conventions for Spherical mirrors:

Convex mirror Concave mirror

Y
Y Mirror +ve

+ve

Light ray
Light ray

F X F X
-ve -ve +ve
+ve

-ve
-ve
 Reflection of light

Mirror formula: where,

f = focal length of mirror
u = Distance of Object
v = Distance of Image
R = Radius of curvature

Magnification(m):
−𝑣 −𝑞
𝑚= = p = Height of Object
𝑢 𝑝
q = Height of Image

when m=1 : size of image equal to size of object

m<1 : size of image less than size of object
m>1 : size of image greater than size of object
 Refraction of light
 Refraction of light on plane glass slab :
 If light ray ,
Rarer to Denser medium = Towards Normal
Denser to Rarer medium = Away Normal

 In Transparent objects
Incident ray  Laws of Refraction:
Refracted ray I) ir, rr & poi lie in same plane
i = Angle of incidence ii) ............. Snell’s law
r = Angle of refraction μ is the refractive index of the medium.
r< or >i
 Refraction of light
 Refractive Index
Absolute Refractive Index (ab) Relative Refractive Index (r)

Where, Where,
c= Velocity of light in vaccum V1 = Velocity of light in medium 1
u= Velocity of light in any medium V2= Velocity of light in medium 2
e.g: of Air e.g: of Glass w.r.t Air

Material ab
 Refractive index of the medium depends upon : i.
Wavelength of light
Air 1.0003
ii. Nature of the medium
Water 1.333 iii. Nature of surrounding As λ
Diamond 2.417 iv. Temperature
T
Refraction of light
 Refraction of light
 Refraction of light on Sphrical lenses :
 Terminology of Spherical lenses:
Convex lens Concave lens

Here ; C1,C2= Centre of curvature

R1,R2= Radius of curvature
O = Optic centre ; Principal axis
 Refraction of light

F1,F2 = Focal point

f = focal length
 Refraction of light

 Types of Sphrical lenses :

Sphrical lenses

Convex lens Concave lens

 Refraction of light
 Images formed by spherical lenses and their ray diagrams:
 (i) Convex lens

Object is placed at ∞ Object is placed bet ∞ and C1

Image is at F2 Image is between F and C2

 Refraction of light
Object at C1 Object is between C1 and F1

Image is at C2 Image is between C2 and ∞

Object between F1 and O

Object at F1

Image is at ∞ Image same side of the object

 Refraction of light

Position of object Position of image Image Size Nature of image

Between F1 and P Same side of the object Enlarged Virtual and Erect

At F1 At ∞ Highly Enlarged Real and Inverted

Between C1 and F1 Between C2 and ∞ Enlarged Real and Inverted

At C1 At C2 Equal to object Real and Inverted

Between ∞ and C1 Between F2 and C2 Diminished Real and Inverted

At ∞ At F2 Highly Diminished Real and Inverted

 Refraction of light

 (ii) Concave lens

Object is placed at ∞ Object is placed anywhere bet ∞ to O

Image formed between F1 and O

Image formed at F1
 Refraction of light

Position of object Position of image Image Size Nature of image

Same side of object between

Anywhere between P and ∞ Diminished Virtual and Erect
F1 and O

At ∞
Same side of obect at F1 Highly Diminished Virtual and Erect

 Rules to draw ray diagrams:

i. When incident ray is parallel to principal axis then refracted ray is passes from
focus (F2 ).
ii. When incident ray is passes from focus (F1) then refracted ray is parallel to principal
axis.
iii.When incident ray is passes from optic centrer (O) then refracted ray continuous
same path.
 Reflection of light
 Cartesian Sign conventions for Spherical lens:

Convex lens Concave lens

Y
Y +ve

+ve

Light ray
Light ray

p p q v

F F X
-ve u v q
X
-ve u +ve
+ve

-ve
-ve
 Reflection of light

Lens formula: where,

f = focal length of lens
- u = Distance of Object
- v = Distance of Image
R = Radius of curvature

Magnufication (m):
𝑣 𝑞 p = Height of Object
𝑚= =
𝑢 𝑝 q = Height of Image

when m=1 : size of image equal to size of object

m<1 : size of image less than size of object
m>1 : size of image greater than size of object
 Refraction of light

Power of lens (P):

1 2
𝑃= = It’s SI unit Diopter (D),
𝑓 𝑅

Combination of lenses :
P= P1+ P2 ……..
 Change in Power of lenses :
… lens > liquid P decreases
lens < liquid P increases
lens = liquid P Ended
 Reflection and Refraction of light
Previous Years' Questions

1. If the focal length of the biconvex lens is 25 cm,

then the power of the lens will be 2012
(a) + 4D (c) + 004 D
(b) -4D (d)+0.04 D
2. Two thin convex lenses of focal lengths 4 cm and 8
cm are separated by a distance of 4 cm in air. The
combination will have the focal length 2012
(a) 4 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 32
cm
3. To obtain the powerful parallel of light from a
vehicle's headlight, one must use 2012
(a) front surface silvered plane mirror
(b) back surface silvered plane mirror
(c) concave mirror (d) convex mirror
4. The mirror used for the head light of a car is 2012
(a) spherical concave (b) plane
(c) cylindrical (d) parabolic concave
Reflection and Refraction of light
Previous Years' Questions

5. Statement I Convex mirror is used as a driver mirror.

Statement II Images formed by convex mirror are
diminished in size.
(a) Both the statements are individually true and
Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I
(b) Both the statements are individually true but
Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I
(c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false but Statement Il is true

6. A ray of light travels from a medium of refractive

index n1, to a medium of refractive index n 2, If angle of
incidence is i and angle of refraction is r, then equal to
2014
(a) n1 (b) (c) (d) n2
 Reflection and Refraction of light
7. An object is placed at the focus of a concave
mirror. The image will be 2013
(a) real, inverted, same size at the focus
(b) real, upright, same size at the focus
(c) virtual, inverted, highly enlarged atinfinity
(d) real, inverted, highly enlarged at infinity
8. An optician prescribes a power = - 0.5 D. The
corresponding lens must be a 2013
(a) convex lens of focal length 2m
(b) convex lens of focal length 50 cm
(c) concave lens of focal length 2 m
(d) concave lens of focal length 50 cm
9. Rays of light get refracted while passing from air
to glass because 2013
(a) density of glass is higher than that of air
(b) they cannot be reflected from a glass surface
(c) glass absorbs energy from the light rays
(d) speed of light in glass is less than the speed
of light in air
Reflection and Refraction of light
10. Consider the following statement(s) 2014
I. A real image can be formed on a screen
II. is always magnified and inverted Which of the
statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only I (c) Both I and II
(b) Only II (d) Neither I nor II
11. If speed of light in air is 3x10 8 m/s, then the speed
of light in glass (with refractive index 1.5) would be
2014
(a) 2 x 108 m/s (c) 3 x 108 m/s
(b) 4.5 x 108 m/s (d) 1.5 x 108 m/s
12. While looking at an image formed by a convex lens
(one-half of the lens is covered with a black paper),
which one of the following will happen to the image?
2014
(a) Half of the image will be visible
(b) Intensity of the image will be diminished
(c) Image will be inverted now
(d) One can see an image of smaller size
 Reflection and Refraction of light
Directions (Q. Nos. 13 and 14) The following four items
consist of two statements, Statement I and Statement II.
You have to examine these two statements carefully and
select the answers to these items using the codes given
below Codes

(a) Both the statements are individually true and

Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
(b) Both the statements are individually true but
Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement
I (c) Statement | is true but Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
13. Statement I : Diamond is very bright. 2015
Statement II : Diamond has very low refractive index.
14. Statement I : Due to diffused or irregular reflection
of light, a closed room gets light even, if no direct sunlight
falls inside the room.
Statement II : Irregular reflection, where the reflected
rays are not parallel, does not follow the laws of
reflection.
2015
Reflection and Refraction of light
15. Which one of the following statements is not
correct? 2015
(a) The radius of curvature of a concave mirror is
twice its focal length
(b) Power of a convex lens is negative and that of
a concave lens is positive
(c) The radius of curvature of a plane mirror is
infinity
(d) When a ray of light passes from an optically
denser medium to an optically rarer then the
angle of refraction is greater than the
corresponding angle of incidence

16. A lady is standing in front of a plane mirror at a

distance of 1 m from it. She walks 60 cm towards the
mirror. The distance of her image now from herself
(ignoring the thickness of the mirror) is 2016
(a) 40 cm (c) 80 cm
(b) 60 cm (d) 120 cm
 Reflection and Refraction of light
17. Which one of the following statements is correct? 2015
(a) The image formed by a concave mirror for an object
lying at infinity is at the principal focus, highly
diminished, real and inverted
(b) A ray of light parallel to the principal axis after
reflection from a concave mirror appears to diverge from
the principal focus of the mirror
(c) The focal length of a spherical mirror is double of its
radius of curvature
(d) A ray of light travelling from a rarer medium to a
denser medium bends away from the normal
18. A ray of light when refracted suffers change in velocity.
In this context, which one among the statements is correct?

(a) Velocity increases as the ray passes from a rarer to a

denser medium
(b) Velocity decreases as the ray passes from a denser
to a rarer medium
(c) Velocity decreases as the ray passes from a rarer to
a denser medium
(d) Change of velocity does not depend on the nature of
medium
Reflection and Refraction of light
19. An object is placed 10 cm in front of a convex lens
of focal length 15 cm. The image produced will be 2015
(a) real and magnified
(b) virtual and magnified
(c) virtual and reduced in size
(d) real and reduced in size
20. An object is placed at the centre of curvature of a
concave mirror of focal length 16 cm. If the object is
shifted by 8 cm towards the focus, then the nature of
the image would be 2016
(a) real and magnified (b) virtual and
magnified
(c) real and reduced (d) virtual and
reduced
21. A pencil is placed upright at a distance 10 cm from
a convex lens of focal length 15 cm. The nature of the
image of the pencil will be 2016
(a) real, inverted and magnified
(b) real, erect and magnified
(c) virtual, erect and reduced
(d) virtual, erect and magnified
 Dispersion of light
Wavelength λr>λv

Refractive index Rarer medium =Air

Red ray bends less
< Denser medium = Glass
Speed of light ray r v Violet ray bends more

 Angular dispersion (θ):

r > v
Θ = δv - δr
 Dispersive power (w): Red light is refracted
(Bends away Normal)
w= Air
δred Screen
δviolet
Red light is refracted R
(Bends towards Normal) O
= Y
G
= mean angle of deviation B
I
Blue light is refracted V
 Cauchy eq: (Bends towards Normal)
t
As λ e l ig h Blue light is refracted
h it (Bends away Normal)
o fw
R ay
60º Glass prism
Note: White light contains full range
colours Red ( λ=780 nm) to Blue ( λ=480
nm) on screen. Small wavelength are
refracted more then big ones.
 Dispersion of light
1. The spread in colours in a rainbow on sky is primarily 3. White light while passing through a glass prism
due to 2013 breaks up into light of different colours because
(a) dispersion of sunlight 2013
(b) reflection of sunlight (a) refractive index of glass for different colours
(c) refraction of sunlight of light is different
(d) total internal reflection of sunlight (b) glass prism absorbs white light and emits
lights of several colours in different directions
(c) of total internal reflection of white light on
2. Light waves projected on oil surface show seven
surfaces of the prism
colours due to the phenomenon of 2014
(d) of the interference of different colours
(a) polarisation (c) reflection
inside the prism
(b) refraction (d) interference

4. Which one of the following processes explains the

splitting of a beam of white light into its constituent
colours? 2014
(a) Dispersion (c) Diffraction
(b) Reflection (d) Polarisation
 Total internal reflection of light

IR:Incident ray  The formula for total internal reflection is

RR: Refracted ray stated as:

Rarer medium
Air
=

n2 θr
where,
θr θr n1 = Refractive index of denser medium
n1 θi θc θi n2 = Refractive index of rarer medium.

Denser medium
Water
 The critical angle for a total internal
reflection is defined as,

θc =
θi = Angle of incidence
θr = Angle of refraction
θc=Critical angle of incidence
Total internal reflection of light
 Total internal reflection of light
78. Optical fibres, though bent in any manner, allows
light to pass through. What is the inference that one
can draw from it? 2015
(a) The concept that light travels in straight path
is wrong
(b) Light can flow through the optical fibres
(c) Light can travel through the fibres because of
their ductility
(d) Light can travel through the fibres due to
multiple total internal reflection.
 Scattering of light

Particle size less than 10-4 m

λr>λv

r < v

>
Particle size more than 10-4 m r v

Where,
λ is wavelength of light
α is size of particle
r is radius of particle
 Scattering of light
Sky is blue:  Eyes are more sensitive to blue than violet

Sunrise and Sunset reddish:

Clouds are white:

 Scattering of light
1. Yellow colour light is used as fog light because 2. During sunrise and sunset, sun appears reddish-
yellow colour 2012 orange because 2013
(a) light is most scattered by fog (a) during that time sun emits only reddish-orange
(b) has the longest wavelength among all colours light
(c) has the longest wavelength among all colours (b) all other colours are absorbed by the
except red and orange, but the red colour is atmosphere
already used for brake light and stop light. (c) reddish-orange light is least scattered by the
whereas orange colour is avoided due to its atmosphere
similarity with red (d) all other colours apart from reddish-orange
(d) has the shortest wavelength among all colours are reflected back by the atmosphere
not already reserved for other purpose 3. The sun is observed to be reddish
when it is near the horizon, i.e. in the morning and the
evening This is because 2015
(a) red light is least scattered by atmosphere
(b) red light is most scattered by atmosphere
(c) it is the colour of the sun in the morning and
evening the earth's atmosphere emits red light
 Human eye
 Diameter of Eye sphere = 2.5 cm
 Intensity of light Rod cell
Colour of light Cone cell
 Pupil adaptation
 Refractive index : Lens =1.437
Aqueous humor, Vitreous humour = 1.336
 Power of accomodation
 Persistance of vision sec. objet image remains
on retina
 least distance for distinct vision = 25cm
 Apperent position of obeject:
 Human eye
 Defects of vision & their correction :

Normal Human eye

1. Short sightness( Mypia) :

 Eyeball gets elongated
 Distant objects not seen clearly
 Using Concave lens i.e -ve power

2. Far sightness( Hypermetropia) :

 Eyeball gets Flattened
 Nearby objects not seen clearly
 Using Convex lens i.e +ve power
 Human eye
 Defects of vision & their correction :

3. Astigmatism :
 Eyeball diameter varies or shape of pupil not circular
 Image is distorted
 Using Cylindrical lens (Planoconvex or Plano caoncave)

4. Presbyopia :
 Power of accomodation decrease
 Using +ve meniscus or -ve meniscus
 Human eye
 Defects of vision & their correction :

5. Cataract :
 Accumulation of protin granuleson lens
 Using YAG laser technology

6. Color blindness and Night blindness :

 less Rod cell Night blindness
 less Cone cell Color blindness
 Not distinguish between colors
 Not able to see at night
 Genetic
 Human eye
1. The human eye is like a camera and hence it contains 2. Optical glass used in the construction of spectacles
a system of lens. The eye lens forms 2013 is made by 2014
(a) a straight or upright, real image of the object on (a) flint glass (b) crookes glass
the retina (c) quartz glass (d) hard glass
(b) an inverted, virtual image of the object on the
retina
(c) an inverted, real image of the object on the retina
(d) a straight or upright, real image of the object on
the iris
 Rainbow formation
Primary rainbow Secondary rainbow
Su
nr 2 times Refraction, dispersion of light 2 times Refraction, dispersion of light &
ay 2 time Total internal reflection
& 1 time Total internal reflection

Sun ray

W a t er
W a ter droplet
t
drople

Red color out & violet color in Red color in & violet color out
Red ray = 42°8’ Red ray = 50°8’
Violet ray = 40°8 Violet ray = 54°5’
 Rainbow formation

1. A beautiful rainbow on the sky is due to the

2013
(a) dispersion of sunlight from a water droplet
only
(b) reflection of sunlight from a water droplet
only
(c) reflection and refraction of sunlight from a
water droplet only
(d) refraction, dispersion and reflection of
sunlight from a water droplet only
 Optical instrument

1) Simple microscope :

m=1+

Image Object F
u

D
 Optical instrument

2) Compound microscope :

Eyepiece

Objective lens

Object fo fo
Magnification of lenses (m) :
fe fe
u
m= =

fo = Focal length of Objective lens

fe = Focal length of Eyepiece
L = Length between lenses
D = Distance between Eyepiece and image
Image D
 Optical instrument
Refracting Telescope
Objective lens

Object
Eyepiece

Length between lenses (L) :

L = fo+ fe

fe fe Magnification of lenses (m) :

m=
fo
Image fo
fo = Focal length of Objective lens
L
fe = Focal length of Eyepiece
D D = Distance between Eyepiece and image
 Optical instrument
Reflecting Telescope
 Optical instrument
1. A refracting telescope consists of 2012 3. In case of a compound microscope, which of the
(a) one concave mirror and one convex lens following statements is/are correct? 2015
(b) two convex of equal length I. The focal length of the eyepiece is larger than
(c) two concave mirrors of different focal lengths the focal length of the objective.
(d) two convex lenses of unequal focal lengths II. The focal length of the eyepiece is smaller than
the focal length of the objective.
III. The image produced in a normal optical
2. In optical instruments, the lenses are used to form
microscope is real.
image by the phenomenon of 2014
IV. The image produced in a normal optical microscope
is virtual.
(a) reflection (b) refraction
Select the correct answer using the codes given below

(c) scattering (d) diffusion

(a) Only I (c) II and
III

(b) Both I and IV (d) II and IV

 Ray optics
1. Critical angle of light passing from glass to water is minimum
for
(a) red color (b) green color (c) yellow color (d) violet color
2. A rod of length 10 cm lies along the principal axis of a concave
mirror of focal length 10 cm in such a way that its end closer
to the pole is 30 cm away from the mirror. The length of the
image is
(a) 10 cm (b) 15 cm (c) 2.5 cm (d) 5 cm
3. An astronomical refractive telescope has an objective of focal
length 20 𝑚 and an eyepiece of focal length 2 𝑐𝑚.
(a) The image formed is inverted.
(b) The length of the telescope tube is 20.02 𝑚.
(c) The magnitude of magnification is 1000.
(d) All of these
 Ray optics
4. The refractive index of glass is 1.62. The sine of the
critical angle at total internal reflection at glass -air
interface is:
(a) 0.40 (b) 0.62
(c) 0.74 (d) 1.00
5. The role of cone cell and rod cell in our eye retina is
to identify …….
(a) intensity of light and color of light respectively.
(b) color of light and intensity of light respectively.
(c) These types of cells not present in our eye retina.
(d) depend on condition option a or b.
 Ray optics

1.A far sighted person has far point at 100 cm. What must be the power of
correcting lens ?

2.A near sighted person has far point at 60 cm. What must be the power of
correcting lens ?
Ray optics
 Ray optics
Farsightness