HYDROCARBON AND

PETROLEUM
Grade 11
Felice Pricilla Hilmawan, S.Si.
The Nature of Organic Chemistry
• Organic chemistry is the study of the preparation, properties, and reactions
of those compounds of carbon not classified as inorganic.
• The classification of organic and inorganic compounds is based on their
properties, not their sources.
• Organic compounds require special attention due to their vast number and
crucial role in living organisms (proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, lipids,
vitamins, hormones).
• All organic compound contains carbon atoms (C) chemically joined with
hydrogen (H) and few other specific elements ex: Nitogen (N), Sulphure (S).
But not all carbon compounds are organic ex : carbonate CO 32-, cyanide CN-.
Differences Between Organic and Inorganic
Compounds
Organic Compound Inorganic Compound
Low melting point and low boiling point High melting point and high boiling point
Soluble in organic compound Soluble in water
Mostly colorless compounds Mostly colorful compounds
Usually decompose on heating Usually do not decompose on heating
Slow to react with other chemicals Often undergo fast chemical reaction
Uniqueness of the Element Carbon
• What makes the existence of so many organic compounds possible is the ability of
carbon atoms to form strong covalent bonds to each other.

• The uniqueness of the carbon element is related to its position in the periodic
table of elements. Carbon is located in the 2nd period of Group IV. The following
are the unique characteristics of carbon atoms:
1. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons, allowing them to form 4 covalent
bonds.
2. Carbon atoms have relatively small atomic radius, which means that the
covalent bonds formed by carbon atoms are relatively strong and can form
double/triple bonds.
Exercise 1
1. What are the special properties of a carbon atom related to its
position in group IV A (14) of the periodic table?
2. What are the special properties of a carbon atom related to its
position in period 2 of the periodic table?
 Open Chain and Ring Compound
• The continuous sequence of carbon atoms in polyethylene is called a straight chain. This
means only that no carbon atom bonds to more than two other carbons.

• Branched chains are also very common. For example, isooctane, the standard for the
octane rating of gasoline, has a main chain of five carbon atoms (in black) carrying three
CH3 branches (shown in red).

• Carbon rings are also common. Cyclohexane, for example, has a ring of six carbon atoms:
Exercise 2
1. Create five possible structures of carbon compounds with hydrogen
that contain 3 carbon atoms.
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quarternary Carbon
Atom
• Based on the number of carbon atoms it is bonded to, a carbon atom
with 4 single covalent bonds is differentiated into primary, secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary carbon atoms. A primary carbon atom is
directly bonded to one carbon atom, a secondary carbon atom is
directly bonded to two other carbon atoms, and so on.
Exercise 3
• What is the number of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
carbon atoms in the following compound?

a. b. c.
Classification of Hydrocarbons
1. Based on their carbon chain structure
hydrocarbons are classified into aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic
hydrocarbons.
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons : open-chain hydrocarbons
- Alicyclic hydrocarbons : cyclic chains
- Aromatic hydrocarbons : have delocalized cyclic chains with
conjugated bonds.
Classification of Hydrocarbons
2. Based on the type of bonding between carbon atoms
Aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons can be classified as either saturated
or unsaturated hydrocarbons.
- Saturated hydrocarbons: All carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons: Have one or more double or triple bonds
between carbon atoms.

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
 Exercise 4
1. Identify the following hydrocarbon groups (saturated/unsaturated
aliphatic, saturated/unsaturated alicyclic, or aromatic group).
a. b. c. d.
Alkane
• Alkane contain carbon atoms bonded to other atoms by only single bonds.
• Open chain members of the alkane family have general formula CnH2n+2.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
1. Identify the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule. This chain
becomes the parent chain of the alkane and determines its name.
2. Count the number of carbon atoms in the parent chain and use the
appropriate numerical prefix to indicate the number of carbons. For
example, if the chain has 4 carbons, it is called butane.
3. Identify and name any substituent groups attached to the parent chain.
Substituents are other atoms or groups of atoms bonded to the carbon
chain. The position of branches is indicated by numerical prefixes.
4. Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain, starting from the end
closest to the first substituent encountered. Assign the lowest possible
numbers to the substituents.
 IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
5. Combine the names of the substituents and the parent chain, listing them in
alphabetical order. Use hyphens to separate numbers and letters, and
commas to separate numbers when necessary.
6. If there are two or more similar branches, this is indicated by prefixes di-,
tri-, tetra-, penta-, and so on.
7. Different branches are arranged in alphabetical order according to their
names. The only prefix which is used when putting the substituents in
alphabetical order is iso as in isopropyl or isobutyl. The prefixes sec- and
tert- are not used in determining alphabetical order except when compared
with each other.
8. If there is equivalent numbering from both ends of the parent chain, the
numbering should be chosen so that the branch that appears first in
alphabetical order receives the lowest number.
Alkyl Groups
 Exercise 5
1. Write the IUPAC names of the following alkane compounds !

a. b.

c. d.
Exercise 6
1. Draw the structural formula of the following alkane compounds.

a. 2-methylbutane
b. 2,3,3-trimethylpentane
c. 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane
d. 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-4-propylheptane
Exercise 7
1. Check whether the following nomenclature is correct or incorrect
according to the IUPAC naming rules. If it’s incorrect, provide the
correct names.
a. 3-methylbutane
b. 2-ethylpropane
c. 2,3-dimethylpropane
d. 2-methyl-3-ethylpentane
Sources and Uses of Alkanes
Alkanes are the main components of natural gas and petroleum. The
uses of alkanes in everyday life include the following:
• Fuel
• Solvents
• Hydrogen Source
• Lubricants
• Industrial Raw Materials
Alkenes
• Alkenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbon that contain one
carbon-carbon double bond.
• Open chain alkenes have the general formula CnH2n.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkenes and
Alkynes
The IUPAC rules for the names of alkenes are adaptations of those for
alkanes, but with two important differences.
1. The parent chain must include the double/triple bond even if this
means that the parent chain is shorter than another.
2. The parent alkene chain must be numbered from whichever end
gives the first carbon of the double/triple bond the lower of two
possible numbers. s. This (lower) number, preceded and followed by
a hyphen, is inserted into name of the parent chain just before the -
ene or -yne ending
Exercise 8
1. Write the molecular and structural formulas of the following alkenes.

a. 2-methylpent-2-ene
b. 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene
c. 3-ethylpent-2-ene
d. 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylhex-1-ene
 Exercise 9
1. Check whether the following nomenclature is correct or incorrect
according to the IUPAC naming rules. If it’s incorrect, provide the
correct names.
a. Pent-3-ene
b. 2-methylpent-3-ene
c. 4-methylbut-2-ene
Exercise 10
1. Write the IUPAC names of the following alkyne compounds !

a. C2H5-C≡C-CH(CH3)2

b. (CH3)2-C≡C-CH-CH3
|
C 3H 7
Sources and Uses of Alkenes and Alkynes
• In the industry, alkenes are produced through heating with a catalyst
in a process called cracking. Alkenes are crucial industrial raw
materials for the production of plastics, synthetic rubber, and
alcohols.
• An economically important alkyne is ethyne. Another name for
ethyne is acetylene. Acetylene is used in welding and cutting
processes. Acetylene can be produced through the reaction of
calcium carbide with water
 Isomerism
• Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different molecular
geometries are called isomers.
• There are two known compounds with the molecular formula C4H10:
butane and isobutane. Despite having the same molecular formula,
these two compounds have different properties. For example, in terms of
boiling point, butane has a boiling point of -0.5°C, while isobutane has a
boiling point of -10°C. These differences in properties occur due to
differences in structure, specifically in how the atoms are bonded to each
other. The carbon chain in butane is a straight chain, whereas in
isobutane, it is a branched chain.
Structural Isomerism
• A. Chain isomerism
Chain isomerism refers to isomerism due to differences in carbon atom
arrangement among compounds with the same molecular formula. Isomeric
compounds with chain isomerism have different lengths of the parent chain.
Ex : butane and 2-methylpropane

• B. Positional isomerism
Positional isomerism occurs due to differences in the position of specific
functional groups within compounds with the same molecular formula and
length of the parent chain.
Ex : 2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane
Exercise 11
1. Write the structural formulas and IUPAC names of all the isomers of

a. C6H14
b. C7H16
c. C5H10
 Geometric Isomerism
• Geometric isomerism refers to a type of stereoisomerism where
compounds have the same molecular formula and connectivity of
atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement around a double bond.
• In 2-butene, there is geometric isomerism between cis-2-butene and
trans-2-butene. Both isomers have the same molecular formula but
have different spatial orientations around the double bond.
• In cis-2-butene, the two methyl groups are located on the same side
of the double bond. In trans-2-butene, the two methyl groups are on
opposite sides of the double bond.
Even though they have double bonds, not all alkenes
necessarily have geometric isomerism. The two carbon
atoms forming the double bond must be attached to
two different groups.
Exercise 12
1. Look at the structural isomers of C5H10 in exercise 11. Which isomers
have geometric isomerism?
2. Indicate whether the following compounds may have geometric
isomerism. If they do, draw their cis and trans isomers.
a. Propene
b. 1-butene
c. 2-butene
d. 3-hexene
Hydrocarbons : Chemical Reaction
• A. Reaction of Alkanes
Alkanes are classified as unreactive substances, hence they are referred
to as "paraffins," which means they have low affinity for reactions. The
most important reactions of alkanes are combustion, substitution, and
cracking.
1. Combustion
Complete combustion of alkanes produces CO2 and H2O.
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Hydrocarbons : Chemical Reaction
2. Substitution
Hydrogen atoms in alkanes can be replaced by other atoms, particularly
halogens. The replacement of a hydrogen atom by another atom or
group is called a substitution reaction.

Fluorination

3. Cracking
Cracking is the breaking of carbon atom chains into shorter fragments.
Cracking occurs when alkanes are heated at high temperature and
pressure without the presence of oxygen.
Exercise 13
1. Determine whether the following reaction is complete or
incomplete.
a. CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(l)
b. C2H6(g)+3O2(g)→CO2(g)+CO(g)+3H2O(l)
c. C8H18(g)+10O2→ 4CO2(g)+3CO(g)+C(s)+9H2O(l)

2. Write the reaction for the chlorination of ethane !

Hydrocarbons : Chemical Reaction
• B. Reaction of Alkenes and Alkynes
1. Combustion
Complete combustion of alkanes produces CO2 and H2O.
C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O
2. Addition
Addition reaction is the process of saturating a double/triple bond.
Hydrocarbons : Chemical Reaction
• B. Reaction of Alkenes
3. Polimeryzation
Polymerization is a process in which small molecules, called
monomers, chemically react and combine to form a larger, more
complex molecule called a polymer. This process occurs through
repeated bonding of monomers, resulting in a chain or network
structure.
Exercise 14
1. Complete the following reaction !
a. CH2=CH2 + H2 →
b. CH2=CH2-CH3 + Cl2 →
c. CH2=CH2 + HCl →

2. Write the polymerisation reaction of propene!

Petroleum and Natural Gas
Create a group consisting of 4-5 people and prepare a presentation on
the following topic (maximum presentation time is 10 minutes).
• The formation and composition of petroleum, natural gas, and coal
• Processing of crude oil (fractional distillation)
• Petrol or Gasoline
• Petrochemical industry
• Air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuel