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Lec 13 Shift and Rotate

This document summarizes shift and rotate instructions in x86 assembly language. It describes logical and arithmetic shift instructions like SHL, SHR, SAL, and SAR that shift bits left or right by a specified number of bits. Rotating instructions like ROL, ROR, RCL and RCR are also covered, which shift and copy bits while preserving all bits. Examples are provided to demonstrate how these instructions can be used to multiply, divide, and manipulate bit values and flags.

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13 views15 pages

Lec 13 Shift and Rotate

This document summarizes shift and rotate instructions in x86 assembly language. It describes logical and arithmetic shift instructions like SHL, SHR, SAL, and SAR that shift bits left or right by a specified number of bits. Rotating instructions like ROL, ROR, RCL and RCR are also covered, which shift and copy bits while preserving all bits. Examples are provided to demonstrate how these instructions can be used to multiply, divide, and manipulate bit values and flags.

Uploaded by

menahilwaqar0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization and

Assembly Language

Shift and Rotate Instructions


Lecture No 14

Hareem-e-Sahar

1
Shift Instructions
• Shifting means to move bits right and left
inside an operand.
• x86 has a rich set of shift instructions, all
affecting carry and overflow flags.
– Logical vs Arithmetic Shifts

2
Shift and Rotate Instructions

3
Logical vs Arithmetic Shifts
• A logical shift fills the newly created bit position
with zero:

• An arithmetic shift fills the newly created bit


position with a copy of the number’s sign bit:

4
SHL Instruction
• The SHL (shift left) instruction performs a
logical left shift on the destination operand,
filling the lowest bit with 0.

• Operand types for SHL: SHL destination,count


SHL reg,imm
(Same for all shift and
SHL mem,imm rotate instructions)
SHL reg,CL
SHL mem,CL

5
Fast Multiplication using SHL
Shifting left 1 bit multiplies a number by 2
mov dl,5
shl dl,1

Shifting left n bits multiplies the operand by 2n


For example, 5 * 22 = 20
mov dl,5
shl dl,2 ; DL = 20

6
SHR Instruction
• The SHR (shift right) instruction performs a
logical right shift on the destination operand.
The highest bit position is filled with a zero.

Shifting right n bits divides the operand by 2n


mov dl,80
shr dl,1 ; DL = 40
shr dl,2 ; DL = 10

7
SAL and SAR Instructions
• SAL (shift arithmetic left) is identical to SHL.
• SAR (shift arithmetic right) performs a right
arithmetic shift on the destination operand.

An arithmetic shift preserves the number's sign.


mov dl,-80
sar dl,1 ; DL = -40
sar dl,2 ; DL = -10

8
ROL Instruction
• ROL (rotate) shifts each bit to the left
• The highest bit is copied into both the Carry
flag and into the lowest bit
• No bits are lost

mov al,11110000b
rol al,1 ; AL = 11100001b

mov dl,3Fh
rol dl,4 ; DL = F3h

9
10
ROR Instruction
• ROR (rotate right) shifts each bit to the right
• The lowest bit is copied into both the Carry flag
and into the highest bit
• No bits are lost

mov al,11110000b
ror al,1 ; AL = 01111000b

mov dl,3Fh
ror dl,4 ; DL = F3h

11
12
RCL Instruction
• RCL (rotate carry left) shifts each bit to the left
• Copies the Carry flag to the least significant bit
• Copies the most significant bit to the Carry flag
CF

clc ; CF = 0
mov bl,88h ; CF = 0, BL = 10001000b
rcl bl,1 ; CF = 1, BL = 00010000b
rcl bl,1 ; CF = 0, BL = 00100001b

13
RCR Instruction
• RCR (rotate carry right) shifts each bit to the right
• Copies the Carry flag to the most significant bit
• Copies the least significant bit to the Carry flag

stc ; CF = 1
mov ah,10h ; CF = 1, AH = 00010000b
rcr ah,1 ; CF = 0, AH = 10001000b

14
• Lecture made from “Assembly language for
x86 processors” by Kip Irvine

19

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