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INDICES

Standard form is used to write very large or small numbers in a more compact way. It involves moving the decimal point and writing the number as a value multiplied by a power of 10. For large numbers, the decimal is moved to the left until the last non-zero digit. For small numbers, it is moved to the right. Calculations in standard form use laws of indices, multiplying or dividing the bases and adding/subtracting the powers. Approximation techniques like rounding, significant figures and decimal places are used to express measurements concisely according to the required precision.

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92 views10 pages

INDICES

Standard form is used to write very large or small numbers in a more compact way. It involves moving the decimal point and writing the number as a value multiplied by a power of 10. For large numbers, the decimal is moved to the left until the last non-zero digit. For small numbers, it is moved to the right. Calculations in standard form use laws of indices, multiplying or dividing the bases and adding/subtracting the powers. Approximation techniques like rounding, significant figures and decimal places are used to express measurements concisely according to the required precision.

Uploaded by

Ver Terese Richard
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STANDARD FORM AND APPROXIMATION

Did you know that Earth is 4,543,000,000 years old? I know you skipped
past all those zeroes, so how about I give you a simpler way of saying it:
Earth is 4.543 billion years old. Do you see how reading numbers a certain
way makes them easier to understand? That’s why all the mathematicians in
the world decided to agree on some rules on writing mathematical concepts
so that it is convenient for everyone to read, write, and work with. This
particular way is called the standard form.

When numbers are very small, like 0.0000362, or very large, like 358 000
000, calculations can be time consuming and it is easy to miss out some of
the zeros. Standard form is used to express very small and very large
numbers in a compact and efficient way. In standard form, numbers are
written as a number multiplied by 10 raised to a given power.

Standard form of Large numbers

Example 1: Write 320 000 in standard form.

First thing to do is to locate the decimal point, in large numbers such as this
one the decimal point is always at the end of the number to the right hand
side.

320000.

Next, move the decimal point to the left until you'll get to the back of the last
digit while counting the number of times moved , in this case move the
decimal point to the back of 3.

Then write the last digit in this case 3 followed by the decimal point and the
number following the last digit in this case 3.2.
Note: if the numbers following the last digit are not zeros i.e. 4,543,000,000,
the first 3 numbers following the last digit are written after the decimal point.
i.e. 4.543. But if the numbers are all zeros the only one zero is written or if
they are mostly zeros this only the non zero digits are written i.e. 300000
becomes 3.0 and 320000 becomes 3.2.

Next multiply the result by 10 raised to the power of the number of times you
moved the decimal point.

Hence 320000 becomes 3.2 x 105.

Example 2: Write 570200 in standard form.

= 5 7 0 2 0 0.

= 5.702 x 105

Exercise 1: write the following numbers in standard form


a. 54.6
b. 981.23
c. 321,000,000
d. 32145.222

Standard form of Small numbers

Example 3: Write 0.004 in standard form.

With small numbers, the goal is to move the decimal to the right as opposed
to moving it to the left when solving large numbers. The movement continues
until the first non zero digit to the right is reached.

Next, just like in large numbers, we’ll write the first non zero digit followed by
the decimal point multiplied by 10, but since we are moving in the opposite
direction, the power will be negative.
Example 4: Write 0.00000034 in standard form.

Exercise 2. Write the following in standard form.


a. 0.0004789
b. 0.000175
c. 0.00931
Operation in standard form

Example 5: Simplify (9×106)+(3×108)


When adding or subtracting numbers in standard form it is often easiest to
rewrite them both as ordinary numbers first, then convert the answer to
standard form.

9×106 = 9000000 and 3×108 = 300000000

Hence 300000000 + 9000000 = 309000000

Therefore (9×106)+(3×108) = 3.09×108

Example 6: Simplify (5.24×10-5) - (4.33 ×10-6)


5.24×10-5 =0.0000524 and 4.33 ×10-6 = 0.00000433
Hence 0.0000524 - 0.00000433 = 0.0004803
Therefore (5.24×10-5) - (4.33 ×10-6) = 4.807×10-5
Example 6: Simplify (8.222×10-4) x (6.32 ×104)
When multiplying and dividing in standard form, converting the question to
ordinary form is not needed , rather laws of indices are used. In the case of
multiplication the base numbers are multiplied separately while the powers
are added. In the case of division the base numbers are divided separately
while the powers are subtracted.

Therefore, (8.222×10-4) x (6.32 ×104)


= (8.222 × 6.32) x (10-4 ×104)
= 51.96304 x (10-4+4)
= 51.96304 x 100
However, 51.96304 = 5.196304 × 101
Therefore, = 5.196304 × 101 x 100 = 5.196304 × 101

Example 7: Simplify (2.8×108) ÷ (1.5 ×104)


= (2.8 ÷ 1.5) x (108 ÷ 104 )
= 1.86667 x (108-4 )
= 1.86667 x 104

Exercise 3. Simplify the following

a. (2×10−3)×(3×10−7)
b. (2×103)×(8×107)
c. (2.8×106)÷(1.4×104)
d. (8.69 × 10-5) ÷ (5.5 × 10-7)
APPROXIMATION (SIGNIFICANT FIGURE, DECIMAL
PLACES ETC)
Rounding

Example 1. Round the following to the nearest (i) ten (ii) hundred (iii)
thousand

a. 7562
b. 907235
c. 8991

Solution for a only solve the rest

7562 = 7560 (nearest 10)

7562 = 7600 (nearest 100)

7562 =8000 (nearest 1000)


Significant figure

Example 2. Express the following numbers to (i) 1s.f (ii) 2s.f (iii) 3s.f
a. 78602
b. 702.976
c. 0.000057849
d. 26.083
Solution for only a, solve the rest
78602 = 80000 (1s.f),
78602 = 79000 (2s.f),
78602 = 78600 (3s.f)
Decimal Place

Example 3. Express the following numbers to ; (i) 2d.p (ii)3d.p

a. 67.3994
b. 0.00749
c. 4.0123

Solution for only a, solve the rest


67.3994 = 67.40 (2d.p) ,
67.3994 = 67.399 (3d.p)
INDICES

An index number is a number which is raised to a power. The power, also


known as the index, tells you how many times you have to multiply the
number by itself. For example, 25 means that you have to multiply 2 by itself
five times = 2×2×2×2×2 = 32.

The number 2 is called the base and the super script 5 is called the index
(plural indices) or exponent.

There are a number of important rules of index numbers:

Law 1. Multiplication law of indices


Example1. Simplify the following

a. X5 x X2 Solutions
b. 23 x 24 b. 23 x 24= 23+4 = 27

h. (2y3p2)2 x (2y3p2)3
c. 32 x 33 x 34
The power outside the bracket will
multiply every power inside the bracket
d. (2y)3 x (2y)2
=(22y3x2p2x2) x (23y3x3p2x3)
=(4y6p4) x (8y9p6)
Since the base numbers are not the
same we will multiply them, while the
e. )2 x ( alphabets will follow the normal rule

f. )4 x )5 =(4x8) x (y6+9p4+6)
g. (2y3p2)2 x (2y3p2)3 =(32) x (y15p10)
h. )2 x )3
Therefore, (2y3p2)2 x (2y3p2)3
=32y15p10
i. )3 x (

j. )-2 x (

k. )-2 x (

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