2 Impact Mitigation Measures - Berhanu

2.
ESIA practice-checklist preparation and

reporting: Impact Mitigation Measures
Learning outcome
At the end of this session, participants will be able

to:
describe the importance and characters of impact
mitigation measures
propose appropriate mitigation measures for
identified impacts of subprojects
EIA Process
Proposal
identification
EIA required Screening No EIA
Initial
Scoping environmental
examination
Impact analysis
Mitigation
and impact
management
*Public involvement
Resubmit EIA report
*Public involvement typically
occurs at these points.
It may also occur at any
Redesign Review other stage of the EIA Process
Not approved Decision-making
Approved
Information from this process
contributes to effective EIA in the future
Implementation
and
monitoring
Large group discussion (Q & A)
1. What is mitigation measure?
2. What should a mitigation measure fulfill or one has to
consider for the effectiveness of the mitigation
measure?
3. What are the characteristics of the implementation of
mitigation measures?
Mitigation Measure: Definition and characteristics
Mitigation Measure
is the implementation of measures
designed to reduce the undesirable effects
of a proposed action on the environment
and enhance beneficial impacts.
Objectives of Impact Mitigation
find better alternatives and ways to doing things;
enhance the environmental and social benefits of a

proposal;
avoid, minimize or remedy adverse impacts; and
ensure that residual adverse impacts are likely kept

within acceptable levels
Framework for impact mitigation
Common (desirable)
Alternative sites or
Avoidance technology to
eliminate habitat loss
Actions during
design, construction and
Mitigation operation to minimise
or eliminate habitat
loss
Used as a last resort

Compensation to offset habitat loss
Rare (undesirable)
Impact avoidance can be achieved by:
not undertaking uncertain

projects or elements
avoiding environmentally
sensitive areas
Propose an alternative
Impact minimisation can be achieved by:
 scaling down or relocating the

proposal
 redesigning elements of the project
 Changing the inputs
 others
Impact compensation can be achieved by:
rehabilitation of resource or
environmental components
restoration of the site to its previous state
replacement of the environmental values

lost at another location
Mitigation measures fall into two categories:
Structural measures
are well established for certain types of projects, such as dams, roads, oil
and gas exploration
include design or location changes, engineering modifications and landscape or

site treatment
Non–structural measures
reinforce or supplement structural measures or to address specific impacts
include economic incentives, legal, institutional and policy instruments,

provision of community services and training and capacity building
Key principles
Key principles for
for the
the Application
Application of
of Mitigation
Mitigation
give preference to avoid and preventive measures
consider feasible alternatives to the proposal & identify the best

practicable environmental option
identify customized measures to minimize each of the main impacts

predicted
ensure they are appropriate, environmentally sound and cost–effective
use compensation or remedial measures as a last resort

Requirements for Determining whether management
actions/mitigation measures are clearly defined
Written: Mitigation measures should be stipulated in writing, this forces the
formulators to think through each action carefully
Dated: A mitigation measure must indicate the specific time by when the mitigation
measure should be implemented
Risk–or impact–specific: Each mitigation measures must link to a specific impact
and should be worded in specific terms rather than in
general terms
Time and space specific: An indication must be given as to the conditions under
which the mitigation measures applies (continuously or

only in the event of contingencies). The time (such as
the season or time of day) and location of the
application of the mitigation measures
Measurable: Mitigation measures must, where possible, be quantitatively defined. A
standard, with which performance can be compared, must thus be set.
Objectives and targets of the mitigation measures clearly stated.
Achievable: the mitigation measures must be realistic, feasible and hence

achievable
Reasonable: the mitigation measures must be readily implemented within the time
and budget constraints of a project
Timely: the mitigation measures must be put in place to coincide with specific
project activities
Understandable:
mitigation measures must be described simply, using clear, non
Technical mitigation measures
SPECIFIC- swc, plantation, septic tank, land fill
MEASURALE- un appropriate unit measurement &
quantity( mcu. into mt. or number, etc)
ACIEVABLE- over / under estimation
REALISTIC – without reliable data
TIME BOUD- fixed time.
Interesting points...
Mitigation measures for which implementation of the proposed should be

requires funding estimated and included in the ESIA report
Mitigation measures so that these measures may automatically form a part

should be integrated in of the construction and operational phases of the
project
the project design
Problems encounterd
irrelevant/not suitable mitigation techniques- lack of
reliable data
General technical descriptions
immeasurable
Low cost estimations
No technical specifications
avoiding implementing the measures
Loss of multi disciplinary approaches
Implementation of mitigation measures
Should be cost effective and locally applicable and may be

applied at different stages of the project implementation:-
Preconstruction
Construction
Operational stages (such as maintenance activities),
The cost is usually about 10% of the total cost(but it

depends on the nature, size, location etc. of the project)
Analysis of Alternatives
Contents
Basics of analysis of alternatives
Criteria for comparing alternatives
Methods of doing analysis alternatives
Approaches of doing analysis alternatives

Whole Group activities
what do you know about analysis of alternatives?
What criteria did you use in your day–to–day ESIA process at

this stage
Basics of Analysis of Alternatives
is a way to find the most effective means of meeting the purpose

of proposal, by enhancing the environmental benefits, and
reducing /avoiding potentially significant negative impacts.
starts at early stage of the ESIA processes mostly at the scoping

phase
At this stage appropriate range of alternatives that would meet

the stated need for and purpose of the project has to be
considered.
Types of Alternatives
1. Activity alternatives,
2. Location alternatives,
3. Process alternatives,
4. Demand alternatives,
5. Scheduling alternatives,
6. Input alternatives,
7. Routing alternatives,
8. Site layout alternatives,
9. Scale alternatives,
10. Design alternatives, and
Activity Alternatives
requires a change in the nature of the proposed activity
Location Alternatives
This could be considered for the entire proposal or for a
component of a proposal, for example the location of a processing
plant. The latter is sometimes considered under site layout
alternatives.
Process Alternatives
Various terms are used for this category, including technological
alternative and equipment alternative.
Focuses using a different method or process to achieve the same
goal
Demand Alternatives
arise when a demand for a certain product or service can be met by
some alternative means
Scheduling Alternatives
sometimes known as sequencing or phasing alternatives
an activity may comprise a number of components, which can be

scheduled in a different order or at different times and as such
produce different impacts
Input Alternatives
By their nature, input alternatives are most applicable to industrial

applications that may use different raw materials or energy sources
Routing Alternatives
Consideration of alternative routes generally applies to linear

developments such as power lines, transport and pipeline routes
Site Layout Alternatives
Site layout alternatives permit consideration of different spatial

configurations of an activity on a particular site
Scale Alternatives
In some cases, activities that can be broken down into smaller

units can be undertaken on different scales
Design Alternatives
Consideration of different designs for aesthetic purposes or

different construction materials in an attempt to optimize local
benefits and sustainability would constitute design alternatives.
The ‘No-Go’ Alternative
The ‘no-go’ alternative is sometimes referred to as the ‘no-action’

alternative and at other times the ‘zero-alternative’ or ‘null’
alternative
assumes that the activity does not go ahead, implying a

continuation of the current situation or the status quo
Thank You

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2.

ESIA practice-checklist preparation and

At the end of this session, participants will be able

EIA required Screening No EIA

Not approved Decision-making

find better alternatives and ways to doing things;

enhance the environmental and social benefits of a

avoid, minimize or remedy adverse impacts; and

ensure that residual adverse impacts are likely kept

Used as a last resort

not undertaking uncertain

 scaling down or relocating the

 Changing the inputs

replacement of the environmental values

include design or location changes, engineering modifications and landscape or

include economic incentives, legal, institutional and policy instruments,

consider feasible alternatives to the proposal & identify the best

identify customized measures to minimize each of the main impacts

ensure they are appropriate, environmentally sound and cost–effective

use compensation or remedial measures as a last resort

which the mitigation measures applies (continuously or

Achievable: the mitigation measures must be realistic, feasible and hence

Mitigation measures for which implementation of the proposed should be

Mitigation measures so that these measures may automatically form a part

Should be cost effective and locally applicable and may be

The cost is usually about 10% of the total cost(but it

Basics of analysis of alternatives

Criteria for comparing alternatives

Methods of doing analysis alternatives

Approaches of doing analysis alternatives

what do you know about analysis of alternatives?

What criteria did you use in your day–to–day ESIA process at

is a way to find the most effective means of meeting the purpose

starts at early stage of the ESIA processes mostly at the scoping

At this stage appropriate range of alternatives that would meet

an activity may comprise a number of components, which can be

By their nature, input alternatives are most applicable to industrial

Consideration of alternative routes generally applies to linear

Site Layout Alternatives

Site layout alternatives permit consideration of different spatial

In some cases, activities that can be broken down into smaller

Consideration of different designs for aesthetic purposes or

The ‘no-go’ alternative is sometimes referred to as the ‘no-action’

assumes that the activity does not go ahead, implying a

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