DC Machines

8/26/2020
Outline:
• Parts
• Generated Voltage Equation
• Torque Equation
• Types of DC Generators
• Characteristics of DC Generators
• Saturation Curve
• Speed Regulation
• DC Motor Circuit
• Starting of DC Motor
Parts
Parts
Generated Voltage Equation

• where
• P is the number of poles
• Z is the number of conductors
• F is the flux per pole
• N is the rotor speed (rpm)
• a is the number of parallel paths
• Wave Winding = 2 (simplex) = 2m
• Lap Winding = P (simplex) = Pm
Derivation
Z/a

Field (Index)
Generated
Voltage
(Middle) Velocity
(Thumb)
Example 1:
• A four-pole dc-generator has an armature winding containing a total of
648 conductors connected in two parallel paths. If the flux per pole is
0.321e6 maxwells and the speed of rotation of the armature is 1,800
rpm, calculate the average generated voltage.
Example 2:
• In Ex.1, calculate the rated current in each conductor (per path) if the
power delivered by the armature is 5 kw.
• (Joule’s Law)

a
Example 3:
ZS
Pd P a S

• An 85-kW six-pole generator has an armature containing 66 slots, in

• where
• P is the number of poles
• Z is the number of conductors
• F is the flux per pole
• I is the armature current
• a is the number of parallel paths
Derivation
Lorentz Law

Force
(Thumb)

Current Field
(Middle) (Index)
Lateral
a Area
Example 4:
• A dc-motor has an armature containing 192 conductors, 70% of which
lie directly under the pole faces at any given instant. If the flux
density under the poles is 52000 lines per square inch and the
armature diameter and length are 12 in and 4.5 in, respectively,
calculate the current in each armature conductor for a torque of 120
lb-ft.
Example 5:
• In Ex.2, calculate the torque produced by the armature.
DC Generators, Separately-Excited
Armature Resistance, RA

𝑰
+
𝑷𝒁 𝚽
Field 𝑬= 𝑵𝑽
𝟔𝟎 𝒂
-
Armature

𝑽 = 𝑬 − 𝑰 𝑹𝑨
DC Generators, Shunt

Armature Resistance, RA

𝑰 𝑨 𝑰
+
𝑷𝒁 𝚽
𝑬= 𝑵 𝑽
𝟔𝟎 𝒂 Field Field Resistance, RF
-
Armature V/Rf

𝑽
𝑽 = 𝑬 − 𝑰 𝑨 𝑹 𝑨 , 𝑰 𝑨= 𝑰 +
𝑹𝑭
DC Generators, Series

Armature Resistance, RA Field

Series Field Resistance, RSE

+
𝑷𝒁 𝚽
𝑬= 𝑵
𝟔𝟎 𝒂
-
Armature
 DC Generators, Compound

Armature Resistance, RA Series Field

Series Field Resistance, RSE

Cumulative +
𝑷𝒁 ( 𝚽𝐬𝐡 + 𝚽𝐬𝐞 )
𝑬= 𝑵
𝟔𝟎 𝒂 Shunt Field

Differential -
Armature
𝑷𝒁 ( 𝚽𝐬𝐡 − 𝚽𝐬𝐞 )
𝑬= 𝑵
𝟔𝟎 𝒂
Short Shunt
 DC Generators, Compound

Armature Resistance, RA Series Field

Series Field Resistance, RSE

Cumulative +
𝑷𝒁 ( 𝚽𝐬𝐡 + 𝚽𝐬𝐞 )
𝑬= 𝑵
𝟔𝟎 𝒂 Shunt Field

Differential -
Armature
𝑷𝒁 ( 𝚽𝐬𝐡 − 𝚽𝐬𝐞 )
𝑬= 𝑵
𝟔𝟎 𝒂
Long Shunt
Characteristics of Compound Generator
Saturation Curve
𝑬 =𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕 .

𝑷𝒁 𝚽
𝑬= 𝑵
𝟔𝟎 𝒂
Example 6:
• The voltage of a 100-kw 250-volt shunt generator rises to 260 volts
when the load is removed. What full-load current does the machine
deliver, and what is its percent regulation?
Example 7:
• A 25-kw 230-volt shunt generator has a regulation of 8.7% (a) What
will be the terminal voltage of the generator at no load? (b) If the
change in voltage is assumed to be uniform between no-load and full-
load kilowatts, calculate the kilowatt output of the generator when the
terminal voltages are 240 and 235 volts.
Example 7:
• A 25-kw 230-volt shunt generator has a regulation of 8.7% (a) What
will be the terminal voltage of the generator at no load? (b) If the
change in voltage is assumed to be uniform between no-load and full-
load kilowatts, calculate the kilowatt output of the generator when the
terminal voltages are 240 and 235 volts.
250 V 240 V

230 V

0 kW P 25 kW
Example 8:
• The series field of a compound generator has a resistance of 0.018
ohm. If the full-load current is 120 amp and it is necessary to divert 36
amp so that the full-load voltage will be brought down to the desired
value, calculate: (a) the value of the diverter resistance, (b) the length
of a square manganin wire (resistivity = 265) whose cross-sectional
area is 15616 CM.
Diverter Resistance, RD
36 A

Series Field
120 A
?
Example 9:
• If the no-load voltage of a separately excited shunt generator is 110
volts at 1350 rpm, what will be the voltage if the speed is increased to
1600 rpm? Is decreased to 1100 rpm? (Assume constant field
excitation).
Speed Regulation

𝑃𝑍 𝜙 𝑆𝐻 𝐼
𝑇=
2𝜋𝑎
𝑃𝑍 𝜙 𝑆𝐸 𝐼 𝑃𝑍
𝑇= ,Φ 𝑆𝐸 =𝑘𝐼 , 𝑇 = 𝑘 𝐼2
2𝜋𝑎 2𝜋 𝑎
(Φ 𝑆𝐻 +𝜙 ¿ ¿ 𝑆𝐸) 𝐼 𝑃𝑍 (Φ 𝑆𝐻 − 𝜙 ¿ ¿ 𝑆𝐸)𝐼 𝑃𝑍
𝑇 =𝑃𝑍
2𝜋𝑎
= ( Φ
2 𝜋 𝑎 𝑆𝐻
+𝑘𝐼 ) 𝐼 ¿ 𝑇 =𝑃𝑍
2𝜋 𝑎
= ( Φ −𝑘𝐼 ) 𝐼 ¿
2 𝜋 𝑎 𝑆𝐻
DC Motor, Separately-Excited
Armature Resistance, RA

𝑰
+
𝑷𝒁 𝚽
Field 𝑬=
𝟔𝟎 𝒂
𝑵 𝑽
-
Armature

𝑽 = 𝑬+𝑰 𝑹𝑨
Speed Regulation

𝑃𝑍 Φ 𝑁 =𝑘 (𝑉 − 𝐼 𝑅 ) (𝑉 − 𝐼 𝑅 𝐴)
𝐸= 𝑁 =𝑉 − 𝐼 𝑅 𝐴 𝑁
𝐴 =
60 𝑎 Φ 𝑆𝐻 − 𝑘𝐼
𝑃𝑍 Φ (𝑉 − 𝐼 𝑅 𝐴) (𝑉 − 𝐼 𝑅 𝐴)
𝑁 =𝑉 − 𝐼 𝑅 𝐴 𝑁 = Φ 𝑁=
60 𝑎 𝑆𝐻 +𝑘𝐼 𝑘𝐼
Example 10:
• A 230-volt shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.26 ohms.
Assuming a 2-volt brush drop, calculate the counter emf when the
armature current is 35.4 amp.
Example 11:
• A 500-hp, 600-volt compound motor operates at a speed of 495 rpm at
full load. If the flux per pole is 9.1e6 maxwells and the armature
resistance is 0.015 ohm calculate: (a) the counter emf; (b) the armature
current. (Assume a value of k=1.3e-7 and a brush drop of 5 volts).
Example 11:
• A 10-hp 1750 rpm 550 volt shunt motor has an armature resistance of
1.55 ohms. If the armature takes 14.8 amps at full load, calculate: (a)
the counter emf developed by the motor, (b) the power developed by
the motor in watts and in horsepower. (Assume 5-volt brush drop).
Starting a DC Motor
Armature Resistance, RA

Starting Resistance, RS
𝑰
+
Field 𝑽
-
Armature

𝑽 = 𝑰 ( 𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑺 )
Example 12:
• A 60-hp 230-volt shunt motor has a shunt field resistance of 38.3 ohms and an
armature resistance of 0.04 ohms. If the resistance in the starter is 0.66 ohms,
calculate the current input to the motor at the instant it is started. (Assume a 3-volt
brush drop).

• What if there is no starting resistance?

• 0
• At Il = 62, Efl = 198.8 V
• N=1657 rpm
• Sr = (Nnl – N)/N = 8.63%
Example 13:
• A 220-volt shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.32 ohm and a field
resistance of 110 ohms. At no load, the armature current is 6 amp and the
speed is 1800 rpm. Assume that the flux does not vary with load and
calculate: (a) the speed of the motor when the rated line current is 62 amp
(assume a 2-volt brush drop); (b) the speed regulation of the motor.

• At Rated Load,
Example 13:
• A 220-volt shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.32 ohm and a
field resistance of 110 ohms. At no load, the armature current is 6 amp
and the speed is 1800 rpm. Assume that the flux does not vary with
load and calculate: (a) the speed of the motor when the rated line
current is 62 amp (assume a 2-volt brush drop); (b) the speed
regulation of the motor.
Maxinum Efficiency
• Variable Loss = Constant Loss
• Copper Loss = Rotational Loss + Core Loss
Practice Problems
1. No-load speed of which of the 2. Which of the following load
following motor is highest? normally need starting torque
a) Differentially compound motor more than the rated torque?
b) Cumulative compound motor a) Conveyors*
c) Series Motor* b) Blowers
d) Shunt Motor c) Centrifugal pump
d) Air compressor
Practice Problems
3. Which of the following rule is 4. Which part of DC motor can
used to determine the direction sustain maximum temperature
of rotation of D.C motor? rise?
a) Coloumb’s Law a) Armature Winding
b) Lenz’s Law b) Field winding
c) Fleming’s Right-hand Rule c) Slip Ring
(Generator) d) Commutator*
d) Fleming’s Left-hand Rule*
(Motor)
Practice Problems
5. The ratio of starting torque to 6. The number of the pole in
full load torque is least in Small Dc Motor Up to 5 H.P
a) Differential Compound Motor* are
b) Shunt motor a) 2 poles*
c) Series Motor b) 4 poles
d) Cumulative compound motor c) 8 poles
d) 10 poles
Practice Problems
7. In which of the following 8. According to Fleming’s left-
application DC series motor is hand rule if the forefinger
used? points in the direction of the
a) Centrifugal Pump field than the middle finger will
b) Motor Operation in DC and AC point in the direction of
c) Water pump drive a) Current in the conductor*
d) Starter for car* b) Resultant force on the conductor
c) Movement of the conductor
d) None of the above
Practice Problems
9. Which DC motor is preferred 10. When the speed of D.C motor
for constant speed? is increased
a) Series motor a) Back E.M.F increases and
b) Compound motor current drawn decreases*
c) Shunt motor* b) Back E.M.F decreases and
current drawn increases
d) Differential motor
c) Back E.M.F and current drawn
both increases
d) Back E.M.F and current drawn
both decreases