Building Construction-II

Present by
Mr.Vivekananthan v
Lecturer
Department of Construction Technology and Management
 COURSE OUTLINE
Chapter-1
Introduction
Types and components of the buildings
Design loads
Chapter-2 Types and Construction of
 Vertical circulation (Elevators, escalators etc.).
 Balconies, Loggias,
 canopy and terraces
Chapter-3 Types and Construction of
 Flues and Fireplaces
 Damp proofing methods and construction materials
Chapter- 4 construction of
 Built-in furniture,
 Kitchen appliances
 lavatory fixtures
Chapter-5 External Works

 Paving
 gardening
 drainage
 fences and
 sewerage lines/septic tank/ construction
Chapter- 6
 Integrated electrical and installations in building
construction
 Chapter-1
Introduction
Types and components of the buildings
Design loads
 Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION

Man requires different types of buildings for his activities:

Houses, Bungalows and flats for his living;

Hospitals and Health Centre's for his health;
Schools, Colleges and Universities for his education;
Banks, Shops, Offices, Buildings and factories for doing work;
Railway Buildings, Bus stations and air terminals for
transportation;
Clubs, Theatres and cinema houses for recreation;
Temples, Mosques, Churches, Dharmshalas etc. for worship.
 INTRODUCTION
Beginning stage of human civilization was started in caves.In
Ethiopia still has many old cave with halls and rooms having with
beautiful carvings.
Ex: Sof Omar Cave is the longest cave in Ethiopia, Lalibela &
Nakutolaab Cave Church
Egyptians constructed huge pyramids.
The Greeks developed a style of proportions of building
elements, these proportions are known as the orders of
architecture.
Romans developed arches for vaults and domes. They used
pozzolana, sand, mortar, plaster a concrete.
During the gothic period of architecture (1100-1500 A.D)
churches with pointed arches and the ribs supporting masonry
domes were constructed.
 INTRODUCTION

 The period from 1750 A.D onwards is known as the period of modern

architecture. Due to economic pressure after the war, and due to industrial

development, many new methods and materials of construction were

developed.

 The use of reinforced concrete construction triggered the rapid

development of modern architecture. Functional structural components

such as columns, chajjas, canopies, R.C.C slabs, became increasingly

popular because of the increased speed in the construction.

 Use of plywood, glass, decorative items etc. helped the designers to make

the new structures look more elegant.

 INTRODUCTION
The building design has traditionally been the
responsibility of architect, though the building
construction has been the responsibility of the civil
engineer. The building planning and management has
been the responsibility of the construction manager.
The main structural consideration in architectural
designs of the building for all the purposes are as
follows:
Climate and its effect,
People and their requirement,
Materials for construction and methods of construction,
Regulations and bye-laws of sanctioning authority.
 Types of Building Structures
Load bearing structure
Framed structure
Shell structure
Truss
 Types of Building Structures
Framed structure
A framed structure is a network of beams and columns
joined up to form the skeleton framework of the
building.
The structural frame carries the total load of the
building and transfers it to the foundation.
Framed structure is a structure having the combination
of beam, column and slab to resist the gravity and other
lateral loads.
These structures are generally used to overcome the
large forces, moments developing due to the applied
loading.
 Types of Building Structures
Load bearing structure
A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that is an
active structural element of a building, that is, it bears
the weight of the elements above wall, resting upon it by
conducting its weight to a foundation structure.
The materials most often used to construct load-bearing
walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick.
 Types of Building Structures
Shell structure
In building construction, a thin, curved
plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by
compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the
plane of the surface. They are usually constructed of
concrete reinforced with steel mesh (see shotcrete).
 Types of Building Structures
Truss structure
A truss is an assembly of beams or other elements that
creates a rigid structure.
In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-
force members only, where the members are organized so
that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object".
 TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Residential building
The type of building which is used for the purpose of
residence is known as residential building.
For example:
Apartment block
Block of flats
Bungalow
Condominium
Duplex
House
Villa
Orphanage
 TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Educational building
The type of building which is used for the purpose of
education. An educational institution is a place where
people of different ages gain an education. It is occupied
by educational institutes.
For example:
College
Elementary schools
Secondary School
University
Nursery school
 TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Institutional buildings
The type of building which is used by architecture
related to a specific organization or establishment, like
hospitals, jails, nursing homes, medical centers is known
as institutional building.
Assembly buildings
A building used for the gathering of persons for the
purposes of amusement, deliberation, dining, drinking,
education, entertainment, instruction, or awaiting
transportation is known as assembly buildings.
 TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Business buildings
The class of buildings which are used for purpose of
business is known as business buildings. This include
any building or part of a building, which is used for the
transaction of business.
For example:
City hall,
Town hall,
Beauty Parlors,
Lunch counters,
Barber shop, Etc,,,,
 TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Industrial buildings
 The type of buildings include any building or part of a building, or
structure in which products or materials of all kind and properties are
fabricated, assembled, or processed in particular place is known as
industrial buildings.
 For example:
 Factory
 Foundry
 Winery
 Distillery
 Mill
 Refinery
 Warehouse
 Workshop
 TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Storage buildings
The type of building which is constructed for purpose of
storing things is known as storage building.
Hazardous buildings
The type of building which is used for purpose of
making explosive materials is known as hazardous
building.
Hazardous building materials include asbestos, lead,
mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
chlorofluorocarbons, and radioactive sources; they are
found in buildings.
 The Basic Components of a Building Structure
There are two basic components of a building.
Sub Structure: The part of building that is constructed below
ground level.
Super Structure: The part of building that is above ground level.
Sub-Structure
Footing and plinth of a building are a part of a sub-
structure. This part of building safely transfers the load of
building to the underlying soil. Therefore, footing should
be of such strength that it can easily carry the building
load. Failure of footing leads to failure of building. Width
and depth of footing should be designed according to the
load of a building coming on it plus the bearing capacity of
soil.
 Basic Components of a Building Structure
Super Structure
Super-structure is a part of structure that is above plinth level
(P.L). Generally columns and walls are constructed in super
structure. Following are the important parts of super-structure.
Plinth
Damp proof course
Plinth beam
Floor
Walls
Openings
Vertical circulation
Roof
Surface and finishes
 Design loads in building construction
Structural analysis is a very important part of a design of
buildings and other built assets such as bridges and tunnels,
as structural loads can cause stress, deformation and
displacement that may result in structural problems or even
failure.
Different types of load in building construction
Dead load
Live load
Wind load
Snow load
Earthquake load
Thermal load
Settlement load
 Types of loads in building construction
Dead load:
Dead loads, also known as permanent or static loads, are those
predominantly associated with the weight of the structure itself, and
as such remain stationary and relatively constant over time.
Dead loads may include the weight of any structural elements,
permanent non-structural partitions, immovable fixtures such
as plasterboard, built-in cupboards, and so on.
Live load:
Live loads, also known as imposed loads, are usually temporary,
changeable and dynamic. These include loads such as
vehicle traffic, occupants, furniture and other equipment. The
intensity of these loads may vary depending on the time of day, for
example an office building may experience increased
live loads during week-day work hours but much smaller loads during
the night or at weekends.
 Types of loads in building construction
Wind load (WL)
Wind loads can be applied by the movement of air
relative to a structure, and analysis draws upon an
understanding of meteorology and aerodynamics as well
as structures.
Wind load may not be a significant concern for small,
massive, low-level buildings, but it gains importance
with height, the use of lighter materials and the use of
shapes that my affect the flow of air, typically roof forms.
Where the dead weight of a structure is insufficient to
resist wind loads, additional structure and fixings may be
required.
 Types of loads in building construction
Snow load (SL)
This is the load that can be imposed by the accumulation of
snow and is more of a concern in geographic regions where
snowfalls can be heavy and frequent.
Significant quantities of snow can accumulate, adding a
sizeable load to a structure. The shape of a roof is a
particularly important factor in the magnitude of the
snow load.
Snow falling on a flat roof is likely to accumulate, whereas
snow is more likely to fall of a steeper the roof pitch
This may be similar issues in areas of heavy rainfall where
ponding may occur
 Types of loads in building construction
Earthquake load
Significant horizontal loads can be imposed on
a structure during an earthquake. Buildings in areas of
seismic activity need to be carefully analyzed and designed
to ensure they do not fail if an earthquake should occur.
Thermal loads
All materials expand or contract with temperature change
and this can exert significant loads on a structure.
Expansion joints can be provided at points on
long sections of structures such as walls and floors so
that elements of the structure are physically separated and
can expand without causing structural damage.
 Types of loads in building construction
Settlement loads
Stresses can occur in buildings if one part settles more
than another.
A flexible structure will be able to accommodate the
small stresses, whereas a stiff structure will need careful
design to alleviate the more severe stresses that may be
exerted.
Thank You