SQL

Keywords
– A word reserved for use by a programming language or
scripting language.
- Has special meaning to the programming language/script
- Can not be used in the program except within the proper
syntax as intended by the language/script

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Data Type
- A keyword used to specify a container (variable) to hold a
specific type of data
- Allows the language/script to understand how to interpret the
data being described
- Also used to specify the size of the data container

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Why Data Types

Data Types are needed so the language/script can understand how
to treat the data

Numeric Values Added: Text Strings Added:

Integer myNum1 = 10; String myNum1 = “10”;
Integer myNum2 = 20; String myNum2 = “20”;
Integer myNum3 = myNum1 + myNum2; String myNum3 = myNum1 + myNum2;
String myNum4 = “Terry” + “Gray”
Outcome is myNum3 = 30
Outcome is myNum3 = “1020”
Outcome is myNum4 = “TerryGray”

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Data Types
integer, int, numeric, smallint
- specifies the data stored in the column is a number
- smallint is a smaller number requiring less memory (2 bytes vs. 4)

string, char
- Character string, i.e., text field
- string data type is a variable length string
- char(n) where n is a number specifies a fixed length set of characters, e.g.,
char(50) is a column that can contain up to 50 characters and no more

date
- Stores calendar dates dd-Mon-yy, e.g., 18-Oct-22
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Commands
CREATE TABLE

INSERT

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Commands
SELECT – Used to query data from the database

WHERE - Used to filter a query result

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Commands
UPDATE – Used to update existing data in a table

SUM

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Commands
JOIN / ON – Used to create a temporary table by joining tables according to their relational links (foreign key
-> primary key)

SELECT Paper.PaperTitle, Researcher.Resname FROM Paper JOIN

Researcher ON Paper.ResearcherID = Researcher.ResearcherID
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JOIN / ON – Used to create a temporary table by joining tables according to their relational links (foreign key
-> primary key)

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Keyword Summary
SELECT - returns data FROM the specified table. Can only have one select statement per SQL
command
SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name
SELECT student, exam1, exam2 FROM grade_book

WHERE – filters data being returned to limit the output based on a condition ( >, <, =, >=, <= ),
applied after a select statement
SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name WHERE columnX >= value
SELECT student, exam1, exam2 FROM grade_book WHERE exam1 > 90
SELECT student, exam1, exam2 FROM grade_book WHERE exam3 = 90
SELECT student, exam1, exam2 FROM grade_book WHERE student = ‘Apple’

*Note, text strings must always be referenced in single quotes and be treated as case sensitive.

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Keyword Summary
AND / OR – used to combine logical operations when filtering with WHERE for multiple values
Filter on same column for two required conditions
SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name
WHERE columnX >= value1 AND columnX < value2
Filter on different columns for two required conditions
SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name
WHERE columnX < value1 AND columnY < value2
Filter on different columns for one condition OR another
SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name
WHERE columnX < value1 OR columnY < value2
Filter on multiple columns for multiple conditions
SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name
WHERE columnX < value1 OR (columnY < value2 AND columnZ = ‘America’)

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Keyword Summary

AVG / SUM / COUNT – averages, sums or counts the values in the column specified, AVG /
SUM / COUNT always comes after SELECT and before FROM
Average exam grades for exam 1
SELECT AVG(exam1)FROM table_name
Sum the total rainfall for days where temperature was above 90 degress
SELECT SUM(rainfall)FROM table_name WHERE temperature > 90
Count number of days temperature was below freezing
SELECT COUNT(temperature)FROM table_name WHERE temperature < 32

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Keyword Summary
ORDER BY – sorts the data returned by the SELECT function
Ascending order use ASC
Descending order use DESC

DISTINCT - removes duplicate data sets from the data returned by the SELECT function
SELECT DISTINCT * FROM table_name

GROUP BY – allows operations to be grouped together on specific data

SELECT COLUMN_NAME, AVG(COLUMN2_NAME) FROM TABLE_NAME
GROUP BY COLUMN_NAME;

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Keyword Summary
JOIN – joins two tables together based on primary key values equaling foreign key values
SELECT ORDERS.ORDERID, CUSTOMERS.CUSTOMERNAME, ORDERS.ORDERDATE
FROM ORDERS JOIN CUSTOMERS ON ORDERS.CUSTOMERID=CUSTOMERS.CUSTOMERID;

Table 1 Foreign Key Primary Key

joined with Column Column
Table 2

Table_name.column_name notation is required because multiple tables

are referenced and some tables may have columns with the same name
- This method tells SQL specifically which table the column is in

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JOIN Patrons
PID Name Address
Transactions P1 J. Smith 12 Elk St
P2 M. Jones 25 Sun Dr
TID Borrow Due Return Book Patron
P1 J. Smith 12 Elk St
1 08/23/17 09/06/17 08/24/17 1001.1 P1
P4 V. Hicks 22 Dog St
2 08/23/17 09/06/17 09/13/17 2002.2 P2
P5 E. Rice 6 Bear Av
3 08/25/17 09/08/17 09/01/17 3003.3 P3
4 08/26/17 09/09/17 09/08/17 1001.1 P4
5 09/01/17 09/15/17 4004.4 P5 Books
6 09/05/17 09/19/17 09/17/17 3003.3 P2 BID Title Author
1001.1 Peace Ed Bart
2002.2 War Ann Hine
3003.3 Systems Al Vang
4004.4 Spring Sue Lyon

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JOIN

Temporary
Table
Created
SELECT Transactions.Due Patrons.Name FROM Transactions
JOIN Patrons ON Transactions.Patron = Patrons.PID
TID Borrow Due Return Book Patron PID Name Address
1 08/23/17 09/06/17 08/24/17 1001.1 P1 P1 J. Smith 12 Elk St.
2 08/23/17 09/06/17 09/13/17 2002.2 P2 P2 M. Jones 25 Sun D
3 08/25/17 09/08/17 09/01/17 3003.3 P3
4 08/26/17 09/09/17 09/08/17 1001.1 P4 P4 V. Hicks 22 Dog S
5 09/01/17 09/15/17 4004.4 P5 P5 E. Rice 6 Bear A
6 09/05/17 09/19/17 09/17/17 3003.3 P2 P2 M. Jones 25 Sun D
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JOIN

SELECT Transactions.Due Patrons.Name FROM Transactions

JOIN Patrons ON Transactions.Patron = Patrons.PID
JOIN Books ON Transactions.Book = Books.BID

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SELECT Transactions.Due Patrons.Name

FROM Transactions Temporary
JOIN Patrons ON Transactions.Patron = Patrons.PID Table
JOIN Books ON Transactions.Book = Books.BID Created

TID Borrow Due Return Book Patro PID Name Address BID Title Author
n
1 08/23/17 09/06/17 08/24/17 1001.1 P1 P1 J. Smith 12 Elk St. 1001.1 Peace Ed Bart
2 08/23/17 09/06/17 09/13/17 2002.2 P2 P2 M. Jones 25 Sun D 2002.2 War Ann Hine
3 08/25/17 09/08/17 09/01/17 3003.3 P3 3003.3 Systems AI Vang
4 08/26/17 09/09/17 09/08/17 1001.1 P4 P4 V. Hicks 22 Dog S 1001.1 Peace Ed Bart
5 09/01/17 09/15/17 4004.4 P5 P5 E. Rice 6 Bear A 4004.4 Spring Sue Lyon
6 09/05/17 09/19/17 09/17/17 3003.3 P2 P2 M. Jones 25 Sun D 3003.3 Systems AI Vang

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References
https://www.codecademy.com/articles/sql-commands
https://www.w3schools.com/sql/

https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/Data-Types.html#GUI
D-A3C0D836-BADB-44E5-A5D4-265BA5968483

Editors:
https://livesql.oracle.com/
https://sqliteonline.com/

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