INTERNET OF

THINGS (IOT)
Prepared By: Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech) 1
Syllabus: Module 4

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING
 Wireless network: Computer networks that are not connected by cables are called wireless networks

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 They generally use radio waves for communication between the network nodes
 They allow devices to be connected to the network while roaming around within the network
coverage
 How wireless networks work?: Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) serves the same function as a
wired one to connect a group of computers
 Since “wireless” does not require expensive wiring, the primary advantage is that it is typically
simpler, quicker, and cheaper to set up
 Wireless networks operate using Radio Frequency (RF) technology, a frequency associated with radio
wave propagation within the electromagnetic spectrum
 An electromagnetic field is generated when an RF current is supplied to an antenna that can then
spread through space

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 A system recognized as an access point (AP) is the core of a wireless network

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 An access point’s primary role is to broadcast a wireless signal sensed and tuned into by computers
 Since wireless networks are typically linked to wired networks, access points often act as a
gateway to a wired network’s resources, such as an Internet connection
 Computers need to be fitted with wireless network adapters to connect to an access point and join a
wireless network
 These are mostly built right into the device, but if not, by using an add-on adapter attached to an
empty expansion slot, USB port, or, in the case of notebooks, a PC card slot, just about any
computer or notebook can be made wireless-capable

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Types of wireless networks:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): WLAN links two or more devices using a wireless
medium, providing a connection through access points to the wider Internet
 Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) interconnect devices within a relatively small area,
which is generally within a person's reach
 For example, both bluetooth radio and invisible infrared light provides a WPAN for
interconnecting a headset to a laptop
 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN): It connects several wireless LANs that make a
larger wireless network called MAN
 WiMAX is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the IEEE 802.16 standard

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN): It covers large areas such as neighboring towns and cities

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as
between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb
 These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public internet access
system
 The wireless connections between access points are usually point to point microwave links using
parabolic dishes on the 2.4 GHz band, rather than omni directional antennas used with smaller
networks
 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN): PAN interconnects devices in a short span, generally
within a person’s reach

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Wireless network elements: Wireless NEs are products and devices used by a wireless carrier to provide

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

support for the backhaul network as well as a Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
 The telecommunications network at the physical layer also consists of many interconnected wire line
Network Elements (NEs)
 These NEs can be stand-alone systems or products that are either supplied by a single manufacturer,
or are assembled by the service provider (user) or system integrator with parts from several different
manufacturers
 The important NEs are the NEs that are located on the cell tower to the Base Station (BS) cabinet

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 The attachment hardware and the positioning of the antenna and associated closures/cables are

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

required for adequate strength, robustness, corrosion resistance, and rain/solar resistance for expected
wind, storm, ice, and other weather conditions
 Components, such as hardware, cables, connectors, and closures, shall take into consideration the
structure to which they are attached are the NEs

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Wireless networking standards:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 802.11a: This original amendment added support for the 5 GHz band, allowing transmission up to 54
megabits of data per second
 The 802.11a standard makes use of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
 It splits the radio signal into sub-signals before they get to a receiver
 802.11a is an older standard and has been largely replaced by newer technology
 802.11b: 802.11b added faster rates in the 2.4GHz band to the original standard
 It can pass up to 11 megabits of data in a second
 It uses complementary code keying (CCK) modulation to achieve better speeds
 802.11b is an older standard and has been largely replaced by newer technology

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 802.11g: 802.11g standardized the use of OFDM technology used in 802.11a in the 2.4GHz band

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 It was backwards compatible with both 802.11 and 802.11b. 802.11g is an older standard and has
been largely replaced by newer technology
 802.11n: Once the most popular standard 802.11n was the first time a unified specification covered
both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands
 This protocol offers better speed when compared to those that came before it by leveraging the idea
of transmitting using multiple antennas simultaneously (usually called Multiple In Multiple Out or
MIMO technology)
 802.11n is an older standard, but some older devices may still be found in use

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 802.11ac: 802.11ac was only specified for the 5GHz band

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 It built upon the mechanisms introduced in 802.11n
 While not as revolutionary as 802.11n was, it still extended speeds and capabilities in the 5GHz
band
 Most devices currently out in the wild are likely 802.11ac devices
 802.11ac technology was released in two main groups, usually called ‘waves’
 The primary difference is that Wave 2 devices have a few more technical capabilities when
compared to Wave 1, but it is all interoperable

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6): 802.11ax (much like 802.11n) unified the specification across all applicable

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

frequency bands
 In the name of simplicity, the industry has started to refer to it as Wi-Fi 6
 Wi-Fi 6 has expanded the technologies used for modulation to include OFDMA, which allows a
certain amount of parallelism to the transmission of packets within the system, making more
efficient use of the available spectrum and improving the overall network throughput
 Wi-Fi 6 is the latest technology and is what most new devices are shipping with
 Other 802.11 Standards: There are many more amendments that have been made to the standards
over the years (most letters of the alphabet have been used over time)
 Additional 802.11 standards have focused on things like better security, increased Quality of
Service, as well as many other enhancements

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Wi-Fi network connection modes:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Infrastructure: Infrastructure mode is the most common style of Wi-Fi, and it is the one people think
of when they connect at home or the office
 With infrastructure mode, you need an access point that serves as the primary connection device
for clients
 All other clients in the network (computer, printer, mobile phone, tablet, or other device) connect to
an access point to gain access to a wider network.

 Ad Hoc: Ad hoc mode is also referred to as peer-to-peer mode because it does not involve an access
point, but is instead made up of multiple client devices
 The devices, acting as “peers” within the network, connect to each other directly.

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Wi-Fi Direct: Wi-Fi Direct is a form of Ad Hoc, but with some additional features and capabilities

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Wireless connectivity is provided to compatible devices that need to connect without the use of an
access point
 Televisions are frequently Wi-Fi Direct compatible, allowing users to send music or images straight
from a mobile device to their TV.

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Wi-Fi Hotspot: The term “Wi-Fi hotspot” usually refers to wireless networks placed in public areas,

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

like coffee shops, to allow people to connect to the internet without having to have special credentials
 While some are free, others require a fee, particularly those administered by companies that
specialize in the provision of hotspots in places like airports or bus terminals
 Many cell phones are hotspot-enabled, and users can turn on the feature by contacting their cell
service provider
 With a hotspot turned on, the user can share their internet connection with someone else, providing
them with a password for more secure access

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Advantages of wireless networking:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 It provides clutter-free desks due to the absence of wires and cables
 It increases the mobility of network devices connected to the system since the devices need not be
connected to each other
 Accessing network devices from any location within the network coverage or Wi-Fi hotspot becomes
convenient since laying out cables is not needed
 Installation and setup of wireless networks are easier
 New devices can be easily connected to the existing setup since they needn’t be wired to the present
equipment
 Also, the number of equipment that can be added or removed to the system can vary considerably
since they are not limited by the cable capacity. This makes wireless networks very scalable
 Wireless networks require very limited or no wires. Thus, it reduces the equipment and setup costs.

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Problems in setting up a wireless network:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Interference: Interference is the main problem faced in the wireless network
 Electromagnetic interference occurs in this network
 This can be caused by other networks or other types of equipment that generate radio waves that
are within, or close, to the radio bands used for communication
 Interference can degrade the signal or cause the system to fail
 This is the basic problem faced
 Absorption and reflection: Absorption of electromagnetic waves due to some material which prevent
it from reaching the receiver
 Reflection can cause dead zones where no reception is available particularly with metallic or
conductive materials

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Multipath fading: In multipath fading the signal takes two or more routes or paths, Reflections can

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

cause the signal to cancel out at certain locations and to be stronger in other places which is called
upfade
 Hidden node problem: In some types of network the hidden node problem comes when a node is
visible from a wireless access point (AP), but not from other nodes communicating with that AP
 This leads to difficulties in media access control

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BASICS OF WIRELESS
NETWORKING (CONTD.)
 Examples of wireless networks:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Cell phone networks
 Wireless sensor networks
 Satellite communication networks
 Terrestrial microwave networks

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ESP8266 WIFI MODULE

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

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ESP8266 WIFI MODULE
(CONTD.)
 The manufacturer of ESP8266 is Espressif Systems

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Its working voltage is from 3V to 3.6V.

 It is low powered, compact and highly durable integrated WiFi-based microcontroller

 Used for the development of end-point IoT (Internet of things) applications such as cost, power,
performance, and design.
 It is used to enable the internet connection to various applications of embedded systems

 It is always in front of its forerunner in requisites of speed handling and storage ability

 It can be also used as a web server

 It is referred to as a standalone wireless transceiver, available at a very low price

 It has the power to supervise any other device, or it can easily devolve a Wi-Fi network connecting with
other systems
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ESP8266 WIFI MODULE
(CONTD.)
 It has a massive amount of on-chip variation which is fine for the smallest exterior

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Designed to support both the TCP/IP capability and the microcontroller access to any Wi-Fi network

 It can work as either a slave or a standalone application

 If the ESP8266 Wi-Fi runs as a slave to a microcontroller host, then it can be used as a Wi-Fi adaptor to
any type of microcontroller using UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
 If the module is used as a standalone application, then it provides the functions of the microcontroller
and Wi-Fi network
 The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is highly integrated with RF balun, power modules, RF transmitter and
receiver, analog transmitter and receiver, amplifiers, filters, digital baseband, power modules, external
circuitry, and other necessary components

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ESP8266 WIFI MODULE
(CONTD.)
 Features of ESP8266

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Microcontroller: Tensilica Xtensa L106 32 bit
 Clock frequency: 80 MHz
 Instruction RAM: 64 KiB
 Data RAM: 96 KiB
 Flash Memory: 512 KiB (extends up to 16 MiB)
 Wi-Fi Protocols: 802.11 b/g/n/e/i
 Operating Voltage: 2.5V ~ 3.6V
 Operating Current: 80 mA (average value)
 Storing or operating temperature: -40°C ~ 125°C

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ESP8266 WIFI MODULE
(CONTD.)
 Pinouts

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 RX Pin: RX pin is used for receiving the serial data. It is used for communication between two devices
or boards. RX pin receives the serial data sent by the other board or device.
 VCC Pin: VCC pin is to power up the ESP8266. The ideal power supply is 3.3 Volt. It can also operate
on the power between 2.5V ~ 3.6V
 GPIO_0 Pin: This pin is a general-purpose input/output pin. It is also used to change the mode of
ESP8266 to programming mode.
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ESP8266 WIFI MODULE
(CONTD.)
 RST Pin: Reset Pin. This pin is an active low pin. To reset module, set RST Pin to 0V. For normal

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

operation, set it to 3.3V.
 GPIO_2 Pin: This pin is also a general-purpose input/output pin.
 CH_PD Pin: Chip Enable pin. Supply 3.3 V to the pin to enable the chip.
 GND Pin: This is Ground Pin.
 TX Pin: TX pin is used for transmitting the serial data. TX pin sends the serial data to the other board
or device. With the use of both RX and TX board can serially communicate

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ESP8266 WIFI MODULE
(CONTD.)
 Applications:

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Access points portals
 IoT projects
 Wireless data logging
 Used in learning the networking fundamentals
 Sockets and smart bulbs
 Smart home automation systems

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VARIOUS WIFI LIBRARY
 Simplelink WiFi enabled boards can use the WiFi library to connect to the internet

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 The WiFi library is very similar to the Ethernet library, and many of the function calls are the same
 WiFi class
 The WiFi class initializes the ethernet library and network settings
 begin()
 disconnect()
 config()
 setDNS()
 SSID()
 BSSID()
 RSSI()

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VARIOUS WIFI LIBRARY
(CONTD.)
 encryptionType()

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 scanNetworks()
 getSocket()
 macAddress()
 IP Address class
 The IPAddress class provides information about the network configuration
 localIP()
 subnetMask()
 gatewayIP()

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VARIOUS WIFI LIBRARY
(CONTD.)
 Server class

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 The Server class creates servers which can send data to and receive data from connected clients
(programs running on other computers or devices)
 Server
 WiFiServer()
 begin()
 available()
 write()
 print()
 println()

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VARIOUS WIFI LIBRARY
(CONTD.)
 Client class

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 The client class creates clients that can connect to servers and send and receive data.
 Client
 WiFiClient()
 connected()
 connect()
 write()
 print()
 println()
 available()
 read()
 flush()
 stop()
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VARIOUS WIFI LIBRARY
(CONTD.)
 UDP class

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 The UDP class enables UDP message to be sent and received
 WiFiUDP
 begin()
 available()
 beginPacket()
 endPacket()
 write()
 parsePacket()
 peek()

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VARIOUS WIFI LIBRARY
(CONTD.)
 read()

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 flush()
 stop()
 remoteIP()
 remotePort()

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VARIOUS WIFI LIBRARY
(CONTD.)
 Examples

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 ConnectNoEncryption : Demonstrates how to connect to an open network
 ConnectWithWEP : Demonstrates how to connect to a network that is encrypted with WEP (Wired
Equivalent Privacy)
 ConnectWithWPA : Demonstrates how to connect to a network that is encrypted with
WPA2Personal (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
 ScanNetworks : Displays all WiFi networks in range
 WiFiChatServer : Set up a simple chat server
 WiFiXivelyClient : connect to xively.com, a free datalogging site

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VARIOUS WIFI LIBRARY
(CONTD.)
 WiFiXivelyClientString :send strings to xively.com

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 WiFiWebClient : Connect to a remote webserver
 WiFiWebClientRepeating : Make repeated HTTP calls to a webserver
 WiFiWebServer : Serve a webpage from the WiFi shield
 WiFiSendReceiveUDPString : Send and receive a UDP string
 UdpNTPClient : Query a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server using UDP

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WEB SERVER
 A web server’s primary role is to serve web pages for a website

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and other protocols
to respond to client requests made over the World Wide Web
 The main job of a web server is to display website content through storing, processing and delivering
webpages to users
 Besides HTTP, web servers also support SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer
Protocol), used for email, file transfer and storage
 Web server hardware is connected to the internet and allows data to be exchanged with other connected
devices, while web server software controls how a user accesses hosted files

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WEB SERVER (CONTD.)
 The web server process is an example of the client/server model. All computers that host websites must

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have web server software
 Web servers are used in web hosting, or the hosting of data for websites and web-based applications -- or
web applications
 Web server software is accessed through the domain names of websites and ensures the delivery of the
site's content to the requesting user
 The software side is also comprised of several components, with at least an HTTP server

 The HTTP server is able to understand HTTP and URLs

 As hardware, a web server is a computer that stores web server software and other files related to a
website, such as HTML documents, images and JavaScript files

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WEB SERVER (CONTD.)
 Working

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 When a web browser, like Google Chrome or Firefox, needs a file that's hosted on a web server, the
browser will request the file by HTTP
 When the request is received by the web server, the HTTP server will accept the request, find the
content and send it back to the browser through HTTP
 More specifically, when a browser requests a page from a web server, the process will follow a series
of steps
 First, a person will specify a URL in a web browser's address bar
 The web browser will then obtain the IP address of the domain name -- either translating the URL
through DNS (Domain Name System) or by searching in its cache
 This will bring the browser to a web server. The browser will then request the specific file from the
web server by an HTTP request
 The web server will respond, sending the browser the requested page, again, through HTTP

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WEB SERVER (CONTD.)
 If the requested page does not exist or if something goes wrong, the web server will respond with an

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error message
 The browser will then be able to display the webpage
 Multiple domains also can be hosted on one web server

 Examples
 Web servers often come as part of a larger package of internet- and intranet-related programs that are
used for:
 sending and receiving emails;
 downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files; and
 building and publishing webpages

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WEB SERVER (CONTD.)
 Goals

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

 Uptime: This refers to the time a web server is online and operational. Websites need to be always
online to serve users, so a high uptime is the goal
 Speed: Your web pages should load as fast as possible. Users want their request fulfilled immediately,
otherwise you risk losing them
 Concurrency: This refers to the handling of multiple requests coming in at the same time.
 Scalability: Scalability refers to either making your existing servers more powerful through vertical
scaling or adding more servers to your setup through horizontal scaling.
 Ease of set up: Getting a project up and running quickly is key to the iteration of your project

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WEB SERVER (CONTD.)
 Documentation: Web servers are complex. The most common setups will get you on your feet

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

quickly, but your needs will grow over time
 Developer support: If the core developers are not committed to their own project, you shouldn’t
commit your project to theirs
 Community support: A core development team will handle most of the heavy lifting, but a thriving
community contributes to filling in the gaps

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WEB SERVER (CONTD.)

Assistant Prof. Purvaj Piyush Vaidya (MTech)

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