ASSIGNMENTS

PHYSICS
Abhinav bijla
BSC ॥nd year

Maths Major

2011563
 CONTENTS :-

 Waves and its Types

 Electromagnetic Waves and its Spectrum
 LC Oscillations/ Tank Circuit
 Kirchhoff’s Law
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  Wa v e s

• It is a form of disturbance due to the repeated periodic motion of the particles.

• Wave motion transfer the energy from one place to another.
• Waves usually involves a periodic repetitive source.

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  TYPES OF WAVES
There are different kind of waves.
1) Transverse waves : Waves in which the medium moves at right angles to the direction
of propagation
E.g. Light wave, Water wave

2) Longitudinal waves: A longitudinal wave has the movement of the particle in the
medium in the same dimension as the direction of movement of wave.
E.g. Sound wave, Compression wave

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4) Mechanical wave : A wave which needs a medium in order to propagate itself. It transfer
energy in the direction of propagation.

5) Matter wave : • Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics.
• All the matter exhibits wave like behaviour.
• The concept that matter behaves like a wave was proposed by French

Physicist Louis de Broglie in 1924 .

• Matter waves are associated with moving particle or with the wave nature
of particle.
6) Electromagnetic wave : E.M. Wave is a wave in which electric and magnetic field are

perpendicular to each other.

 Wave Speed Formula: 5

Wave speed = Distance covered
Time taken
Properties of waves :
1. Amplitude : It is the height of the wave usually measured in meters. It is
directly related to amount of energy carried by a wave.
2. Wavelength : The distance between identical points in adjacent cycle of
crests of a wave is called wavelength. Measured in meters and denoted by λ .
3. Time Period : The period of wave particle on a medium to make one
complete vibrational cycle.
4. Frequency : It is the no. of waves passing a point in a certain time.
Measured in hertz(Hz) . Frequency = 1/time period

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  ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE AND SPECTRUM

Electromagnetic wave
• E.M. waves are created as a result of vibration between electric field and magnetic field.
• The electric and magnetic waves are perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the
direction if propagation.
Properties of E.M. Waves :
i. E.M. waves obey the principle of superposition.
ii. E.M. waves carry energy as they propagates in space.
iii. The velocity of an E.M. wave in free space is 3×108 m/s = speed of light.
iv. E.M. waves do not require any medium to propagate.
v. In E.M. waves, the direction of electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular to each
other and as well as direction of propagation of wave. 7
 Electromagnetic spectrum

E.M. Spectrum is the arrangement of different electromagnetic waves in the increasing order of
wavelength or the decreasing order of frequency or vice versa.

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1) Radio Waves : • Radio Waves are produced by the accelerate motion of charges in
conducting wires.
• They are used by Radios and TV communication system.
• They are generally in frequency range from 500KHz to about
1000MHz.
2) Micro Waves : • Micro Waves have short wavelength then Radio Waves.
• Micro Waves are produced by special vacuum tubes (Klystron magnetron).
• Due to short wavelength, they are suitable for RADAR system used in
aircraft navigation.
3) Infrared Waves : • I.R. Waves are Produced by hot bodies and molecules.
• This band lies adjacent too low frequency or long wavelength end of

Visible spectrum.
• I.R Waves are Sometimes referred to as heat waves.
• I.R. Radiation also play an important roll in in maintaining the Earth’s 9

warmth or average temperature through the greenhouse effect.

4) Visible Rays : • It is the part of spectrum that is detected by human eye.
• It runs from about 4 × 10⁴ Hz to about 7×10⁴ Hz or a wavelength range of

about 700-400nm.
• Visible light emitted or reflected from object around us provides us
Information about the world.
5) U.V. Rays : • U.V. Radiation is produced by special lamps and very hot bodies.
• The sun is an important source of U.V. light.
• Most of U.V. light is absorbed in the OZONE Layer in atmosphere at an
altitude of about 40-50 Km.
• U.V. light in large quantities has harmful effect on humans.
• It covers wavelength ranging from 4×10-7 nm down to 6×10-10(0.6nm) .
• Ozone layer in the atmosphere plays a protective role and hence its depletion
by CFCs gas (such as freons) is a matter of international concern. 10
6) X- Rays : • X-rays covers wavelength from about 10-8m(10nm) down to 10-13m(10-4nm).
• X-rays are used as a diagnostics tool in medicine and as a treatment for certain
form of cancer.

7) Gamma Rays : • They lie in the upper frequency range of electromagnetic spectrum and have
-10 -14
wavelength from about 10 m to less than 10 nm.
• This high radiation is produced in nuclear reaction and also emitted by
radioactive nuclei.
• They are used in medicine to destroy cancer cells.

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 LC OSCILLATIONS / TANK CIRCUIT

An LC circuit is a type of an electric circuit that is made up of an inductor

which is expressed by the letter L and a capacitor represented by the letter C. Here,
both are connected in a single circuit. An LC circuit is also sometimes referred to
as a tank circuit, resonant circuit, or tuned circuit. LC circuits act as major
components in various electronic devices like radio equipment, in circuits like
filters, oscillators, and tuners.

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 Applications or Uses of LC Circuit

The resonance effects of LC circuits have various applications

which are important in communication systems and signal processing.

• LC circuits are utilized either to pick out or generate a signal at a certain frequency.
• Tuning radio transmitters and receivers are the most common application of tank
circuits. For
instance, when you tune a radio to some station, the LC circuits set a resonance for
that carrier frequency.
• A parallel resonant circuit yields current magnification.
• A series resonant circuit yields voltage magnification.
• Both series and parallel resonant circuits are utilized in induction heating. 13
 LC oscillations
• LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor connected in a series.
• Consider a circuit with a capacitor and an inductor, energy taken from the cell and given to capacitor keeps
oscillating between L & C.
• The oscillations between L and C are referred as LC oscillations.
• When AC voltage is applied to the capacitor, it will first charge and then will discharge ,again will charge
and discharge and this process will keep on continuing.
• When the capacitor is fully charged it will start discharging and the charge is transferred to the inductor which is
connected to the capacitor.
• Because of change in the current there will be change in the magnetic flux of the inductor in the circuit.
• As a result there will be an emf induced in the inductor.
• The EMF is given by e = - L (dI/dt). The self-induced emf will try to oppose the growth of the current.
• As a result when the capacitor gets completely discharged all the energy stored in the capacitor will now be stored
in the inductor.
• The capacitor will become fully discharged whereas inductor will be storing all the energy.
• As a result now the inductor will start charging the capacitor. The energy stored in the capacitor will start again
increasing .
• This cycle will keep on continuing.
• These oscillations are known as LC oscillations. Electric field energy and magnetic field energy will keep
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oscillating.
 LC oscillations

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  K I R C H H O F F ’ S LAW
Kirchhoff’s Law lie in the heart of circuit analysis.
Law1. In any network of conductors, the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at any point is zero i.e.,
∑I = 0
In the above equation, current flowing into a junction is regarded as positive, while the current
flowing out of the junction is regarded as negative. According to sign convention, I1, I2, I3 are positive
and I4, I5 are negative. Then, I1 + I2 + I3 – I4 – I5 = 0 i.e., I1 + I2 + I3 = I4 + I5
Thus the sum of currents entering the point O is equal
to the sum of currents leaving it. In other words
Kirchhoff’s law first law states, “When steady current
flows in a electric circuit, there is no accumulation of
charge at any point or junction.”

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 Law2. The algebraic sum of the products of the current and resistance in any closed loop of a
circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of electromotive forces acting in that loop. ∑ IR = ∑ E.
Sign convention:- (i) A product of current and resistance is taken as positive when we traverse
in the direction of the current.
(ii) The emf is taken as positive when we traverse from the negative to the positive electrode of
the cell through the electrolyte.
Let i1 and i2 be the currents through R1 and R2. Applying first law to the junction A, the current
through R is i1 + i2. Then applying the second law for the closed loop ZAYZ,
i1R1 + (i1 + i2)R = E1
Similarly, for the closed loop XAYX.
i2R2 + (i1+i2) R = E2
For the closed loop ZAXYZ,.
I1R1 – i2R2 = E1 – E2
These ‘Loop equations’ enable us to obtain
the values of currents in different parts of
the circuit in terms R, R1, E1 and E2.
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