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    8604 Unit 3 Revised Historical Research 1

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    amirkhan30bjr
    This document discusses the concepts and process of historical research. It begins by defining history as learning about the past by examining sources from that time period. It distinguishes between primary sources, which are first-hand accounts, and secondary sources, which analyze and interpret primary sources. The document outlines the steps of historical research, which include formulating a research question, collecting and evaluating sources, and synthesizing information to draw conclusions. It notes strengths such as the ability to study past evidence, but also limitations like potential biases. Overall, the document provides an overview of how to conduct rigorous academic research about historical events and time periods.

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    8604 Unit 3 Revised Historical Research 1

    Uploaded by

    amirkhan30bjr
    143 views24 pages
    This document discusses the concepts and process of historical research. It begins by defining history as learning about the past by examining sources from that time period. It distinguishes between primary sources, which are first-hand accounts, and secondary sources, which analyze and interpret primary sources. The document outlines the steps of historical research, which include formulating a research question, collecting and evaluating sources, and synthesizing information to draw conclusions. It notes strengths such as the ability to study past evidence, but also limitations like potential biases. Overall, the document provides an overview of how to conduct rigorous academic research about historical events and time periods.

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    This document discusses the concepts and process of historical research. It begins by defining history as learning about the past by examining sources from that time period. It distinguishes between primary sources, which are first-hand accounts, and secondary sources, which analyze and interpret primary sources. The document outlines the steps of historical research, which include formulating a research question, collecting and evaluating sources, and synthesizing information to draw conclusions. It notes strengths such as the ability to study past evidence, but also limitations like potential biases. Overall, the document provides an overview of how to conduct rigorous academic research about historical events and time periods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    143 views24 pages

    8604 Unit 3 Revised Historical Research 1

    Uploaded by

    amirkhan30bjr
    This document discusses the concepts and process of historical research. It begins by defining history as learning about the past by examining sources from that time period. It distinguishes between primary sources, which are first-hand accounts, and secondary sources, which analyze and interpret primary sources. The document outlines the steps of historical research, which include formulating a research question, collecting and evaluating sources, and synthesizing information to draw conclusions. It notes strengths such as the ability to study past evidence, but also limitations like potential biases. Overall, the document provides an overview of how to conduct rigorous academic research about historical events and time periods.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    HISTORICAL RESEARCH

    UNIT – 3
    Quote of the Day
    Objectives of Todays Lecture

    • Describe the concepts of history and historical research;


    • Apply scientific method in historical research;
    • Distinguish primary sources from secondary sources of
    data;
    • Distinguish internal criticism from external criticism in
    the process of data analysis; and
    • Conduct historical research in the area of educational
    planning and management
    What is History

    • Knowing something from the past


    • We need to weigh history in context
    • Social, political, economic or psychological
    • Past conditions influence present - Transformation
    Why we Study Past

    • To explore and to study the change and transformation


    from which society had undergone
    • GB Shaw said, “The past if it can be located contains the
    key to the present”
    • The Past Teaches Us About the Present
    • It positions us to see patterns that might otherwise be
    invisible in the present
    • How past events have relevance in your life now
    What is Historical Research

    • It is procedure supplementary to observation in which


    researcher seeks to test Authenticity of available data
    • It involves Analysis of events that occurred in remote or
    recent past
    • Synthesis of Evidence to establish facts and Draw
    Conclusions about past events
    • Critical Inquiry in Reconstructing representation of
    past
    Purpose of Historical Research

    • To make people aware of what has happened in the past


    to learn from failures
    • To test hypothesis concerning relationship or trends and
    to assist in prediction
    • To relate the changing dynamics from past to present in
    terms of creating meaning
    • Not to repeat the mistakes which happened in past
    (Learn from mistakes)
    Examples of Historical Research

    • How were students educated in subcontinent?


    • How working conditions of teachers have changed since
    1900?
    • What could have been instructional techniques in a class
    room 100 years ago?
    • What were the major discipline problems in schools of
    1920 compared to schools of today?
    • Conditions of schools are better now than they were in
    1950.
    Scope of Historical Research

    • History embraces human development thus can be taken


    as reference
    • History is not only in military campaigns, it exists in
    societal development
    • Culture, institutions, law, religion, art, travel,
    engineering, medicine, economy, education are few
    examples
    Characteristics of Historical Research

    • Critical search for truth in past vs present


    • Conceptualize, contextualize the history to explain
    • Its not mere accumulation of facts and data
    • It is a flowing vibrant report of past events
    • It deals with discovery of data
    • It uses logical reasoning in the presence of facts to
    create new knowledge
    Problem Formulation - Historical Research

    • Define the problem. It must comprise of past, present


    and final situation with acceptable solution to problem
    • Analyze the problem from different lenses (Literature)
    • Isolate and represent the knowledge required to resolve
    the issue
    • Choose the best problem solving methodology and apply
    it to practical situation
    Sources of Data - Historical Research

    Primary Source

    Secondary Source
    Primary Sources - Historical Research

    • First hand account of event or time in history that has


    yet to be interpreted by a person
    • These are pieces of writing, movies, songs that were
    written by people who lived during the particular time
    period
    • Example is that “Magna Carta” was written in England
    during the middle ages to solve a problem of that era
    • What are some examples which you can think of ???
    Secondary Sources - Historical Research

    • Scholarly books or articles based on primary source of


    data
    • These are created by the people who did not necessarily
    live at the time being examined
    • Textbook can be one example of this type of data source
    about the past
    • What are some examples which you can think of ???
    Difference between Primary and Secondary
    Sources
    Primary Sources Secondary Sources
    Original and first hand record or account An account of past created after the
    or artifact that has survived from past event or created from primary source
    It has direct involvement with the event It has no direct involvement with event
    being investigated being investigated
    For having direct physical relationship, Possible that secondary source have
    the possibility of error is very little errors due to passage of information
    over a time
    Primary sources have no dependency Secondary sources are totally dependent
    over secondary sources on primary sources
    Researchers are reliable on primary Researchers cannot rely on secondary
    sources source
    Criticism of Data - Historical Research

    External Involves finding out


    if the source
    Criticism material is genuine

    Internal Concerned with the


    accuracy and
    Criticism meaning of the data
    External Criticism - Validity

    • Authenticity of the data source being consulted


    • Credibility of author
    • How soon after the event, document was written
    • Selection of bias
    • Age of the document or the source
    • At least two sources with the same information may be
    selected
    Internal Criticism - Reliability

    • Meaning of the data to your study

    • Trustworthiness with the source

    • Well awareness of positive and negative criticism

    • Understanding contemporary issues


    Steps in Historical Research

    • Identify the research topic


    • Formulate research question and/or hypothesis
    • Literature review and data collection
    • Evaluation of data and materials
    • Synthesis of information and critique
    • Report preparation
    Strengths of Historical Research

    • It is the only research method that can study evidence


    from the past
    • It can make use of wider range than most of other
    methods
    • Provide an alternate and rich source of information on
    topics related to education
    Limitations of Historical Research

    • Ensuring validity and reliability as of other methods may


    not be effectively ensured
    • There is a possibility of bias
    • More efforts are needed to dig out the materials
    • May give only fractional view of the past
    • Absence of current trends and terminologies
    • Generalizations are mostly not agreed to present
    Importance in Education Field

    • It enables educationists to find out solutions to


    temporary problems having roots in past
    • Throw light on present trends and predict future trends
    • Enable re-evaluation of data to select hypothesis,
    theories and generalizations which were done
    • Enable us to understand, how and why educational
    theories and practices were developed
    Scope in Education Field

    • General education history of specific period


    • History of national educational policies
    • History of role of teacher
    • History of specific types of education
    • History of admission process in professional paradigms
    • Biographies of major educational contributors
    • Comparative history of education and its systems
    Thank You Very Much

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