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Cell

Cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack internal membrane-bound structures and eukaryotic cells which have organelles surrounded by membranes. Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Plant cells also have a cell wall and chloroplasts.

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51 views37 pages

Cell

Cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack internal membrane-bound structures and eukaryotic cells which have organelles surrounded by membranes. Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Plant cells also have a cell wall and chloroplasts.

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geezariana790
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CELL

Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is


capable of performing life
functions.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells

•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
“Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus

• Directs cell activities


• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Differences Plant and Animal Cell
Ciliated Cell

Features: tiny hairs called cilia which can move mucus.


Function: waft mucus with bacteria and dust away from the
lungs.
Root Hair Cell

Features: the hair gives a large surface area


Function: absorb water and mineral ions; anchor the plant firmly in the soil
Red blood cells

Features: have no nucleus, contain hemoglobin


Function: transport oxygen around the body
Xylem Vessels
Xylem & Phloem
Features: long, thin cells arranged end-to-end to form vessels (tubes). The
cells lack end wall and cell contents such as cytolplasm and nucleus. The walls
become lignified (woody).
Function: conduction (transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves)
support (Ligmin provides strength for the stem).

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