Physics and

Engineering Mechanics
Kim Brian A. Endaya, RChE, RChT, SO2
  Most encompassing science because it explains natural laws of
nature

 Branches:
 Mechanics
PHYSICS  Fluid Mechanics
 Waves
 Optics
 Electricity
 Magnetism
 Quantum Mechanics
 Engineering Mechanics
 A boat can travel 8 miles per hour. What is the velocity with
respect to the shore if it heads 35o E of N?

Problem 01  A. 6.743
 B. 8.963
 C. 5.400
 D. 4.588
 Types of Quantity
• Scalar
• Temperature
• Mass
Problem 01 • Speed
• Vector
• Weight
• Force
• Velocity
 Solution:

Problem 01
 Engineering Mechanics
 Three forces 20N, 30N, and 40N are in equilibrium. Find the angle
between the 30N and 40N.

Problem 02  A. 28.96 degrees

 B. 40 degrees
 C. 25.97 degrees
 D. 30.725 degrees
 Solution:
Cosine Law:

Problem 02
 Engineering Mechanics
 Two forces of 30N at 90 degrees and 40N at 180 degrees act at the
origin. Determine the magnitude and direction of the equilibrant
force.
Problem 03  A. 60N at 143 degrees
 B. 30N at 53 degrees
 C. 50N at 323 degrees
 D. 40N at 470 degrees
 Concurrent Forces
- Forces acting on a common point

Formulas:
- Resultant
Problem 03

- Angle
 Solution:

Problem 03
 Engineering Mechanics
 A laser beam is aimed 15.95 degrees above the horizontal at a
mirror 11,648 m away. It glances off the mirror and continues for
an additional 8570 m at 11.44 degrees above the horizon until it
hits its target. What is the resultant displacement of the beam to
the target?
Problem 04
 A. 18,030 m at 12.87 degrees
 B. 20,200 m at 14.04 degrees
 C. 21,380 m at 15.15 degrees
 D. 22,200 m at 16.78 degrees
 Solution:

Problem 04
 Engineering Mechanics
 Three net forces act on a point: 3N at 0 degrees, 4N at 90 degrees,
and 5N at 217 degrees. What is the net force?

Problem 05  A. 1.1N at 108 degrees

 B. 1.3N at 120 degrees
 C. 1.2N at 90 degrees
 D. 1.4N at 135 degrees
 Solution:

Problem 05
 Engineering Mechanics
 A load of 100 lbs is hung from the middle of the rope which is
stretched between two rigid wall 30 ft apart. Due to the load, the
load sags 4 ft in the middle. Determine the tension of the rope.

Problem 06  A. 165 lbs

 B. 173 lbs
 C. 194 lbs
 D. 149 lbs
 Solution:

Problem 06
 Engineering Mechanics
 A block weighing 500kN on a ramp inclined at 25 degrees with the
horizontal. The force tending to move the block down the ramp is

Problem 07  A. 121 kN
 B. 265 kN
 C. 211 kN
 D. 450 kN
 Solution:

Problem 07
Breaktime
Do not be harsh on yourself.
Take pauses. Make deep breaths.
 Mechanics

Statics Dynamics

Engineering
Mechanics
Kinematics

Kinetics
 International System of Units (SI Unit)

Quantity Unit
Length
Mass
Time
Physics Electric Current
Thermodynamic Temperature
Amount of Substance
Luminous intensity
 Metric Prefixes
Prefix Multiplier

Physics
  A cylinder with platinum-iridium alloy is used to define the
kilogram. What is the name of this Cylinder?

Physics  A. Le Grand K
 PTI Alloy
 Standard kilogram
 Standard mass
  What is the cgs unit of force?

 A. Newton
Physics  B. erg
 C. dyne
 D. poise
  Significant Figures

 Rules:

 Nonzero numbers are ALWAYS significant.

Physics  586 has _______ SF.

 79218 has _______SF.

 Zeroes between nonzero digits are ALWAYS significant.

(sandwiched zeroes)
 2023 has _______ SF.
 8.001 has _______SF.
  Significant Figures

 Rules:

 Zeroes that fall both at the end of non zero digit and after a decimal
point are ALWAYS significant.
Physics  0.0000020 has _______ SF.
 45.0 has _______ SF.
 50.0 has _______ SF.

 Zeroes that act as placeholders are NEVER significant.

 800 has ______ SF
 0.02 has _____ SF
  How many significant figures should the product of 3265 and 22
contain?

Physics  A. six
 B. two
 C. three
 D. five
  Law of Universal Gravitation

 Usually stated that every particle attracts every other particle in the
universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of
Physics their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.
  The distance between Earth and Moon is 3.84 x m. What is the
magnitude of gravitational force each exerts on the other? (Mass
of Earth = 5.97 x kg; mass of moon = 7.35 x kg)

Physics  A. 1.764 x N
 B. 1.789 x N
 C. 1.809 x N
 D. 1.986 x N
  Solution:

Physics
  At the surface of the earth, g = 9.81 . Assume the Earth to be a
sphere of radius 6371 km, compute the mass of the Earth.

Physics  A. 5.12 x kg
 B. 5.12 x kg
 C. 5.96 x kg
 D. 5.96 x kg
  Solution:

Physics
  The “triple point” of a substance is that point for which the
temperature and pressure are such that:

Physics  A. only solid and liquid are in equilibrium

 B. only solid and vapor are in equilibrium
 C. only liquid and vapor are in equilibrium
 D. solid, liquid, and vapor are all in equilibrium
  Linear Expansion

Physics  where
 = change in length
 = Original Length
 = Coefficient of Linear Expansion
 = Change in Temperature
  A copper bar is 80 cm long at 15 degrees Celcius. What is the
increase in length when it is heated to 35 degrees Celcius? ()

Physics  A. 0.00057
 B. 0.00027
 C. 0.00037
 D. 0.00047
  Sensible Heat
 Thermal energy whose transfer to or from a substance results in a
change of temperature

 Latent Heat
 The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid
Physics into a vapor, without change of temperature.

 Melting – Solid to Liquid

 Freezing – Liquid to solid
 Vaporization – Liquid to Gas
 Condensation – Gas to Liquid
 Sublimation – Solid to Gas
  Latent Heat of Fusion
 The amount of heat required to change 1g of substance at the
temperature of its melting point from the solid to the liquid state
without changing temperature.

 Ice – 80 cal/g; 144 BTU/lb; 334 J/g

Physics
 Latent Heat of Vaporization
 It is defined as the heat required to change one mole of liquid at its
boiling point under standard atmospheric pressure.

 Water – 540 cal/g; 970 BTU/lb; 2260 J/g

  A Kelvin thermometer and a Fahrenheit thermometer both give the same
reading for a certain sample. The corresponding Celsius temperature is:

Physics  A. 574
 B. 232
 C. 301
 D. 614
Breaktime
Do not be harsh on yourself.
Take pauses. Make deep breaths.
 1. Linear Motion – object moves at constant velocity

2. Uniform Accelerated Motion – Objects move at constant acceleration

General
Engineering For a displacement behavior, x(t), the velocity and acceleration are:
 3. Free Fall Motion - objects move at constant acceleration (gravitational)

4. Projectile Motion – Combination of Uniform and Free Fall motions

General
Engineering
 Motion in a straight line is called?

A. Straight Motion
B. Circular Motion
C. Linear Motion
D. Periodic Motion

General
Engineering Jose throws a ball vertically. She notices it reaches a maximum height of 10
meters. What was the initial velocity of the ball?

E. 196
F. 144
G. 14
H. 22.2
 Pedro throws a ball directly up in the air with an initial velocity of 35 . How high
will the ball go?

A. 62.5 m
B. 70 m
C. 93.25 m
D. 120 m

General
Engineering A picture hanging 1.5 m above the ground falls off the wall and hits the ground.
What is its final velocity?

E. 14.7
F. - 14.7
G. 5.42
H. - 5.42
 Part of competing in a triathlon involves swimming in the open water. Suppose a
woman competing swims at a speed of 1.4ms in still water and needs to swim
1.5km. On the day of this particular race, there is an opposing current of 0.3ms
going directly against the swimmer. How long does it take for her to finish the
swim?

A. 1899 s
B. 1365 s
General C. 3164 s

Engineering D. 1364 s
 Suppose a recreational biker averages 8.05 m/s on a 25 mile ride, equal to 3.22 x
m. A professional biker has an average speed of 11.1 m/s. The professional
happens to be riding on the same path, but started 1.20 x m behind the
recreational biker. The two are both headed for the same destination. Who
would reach the end of the path first, and how far behind would the other biker
be?

A. The professional biker finishes 1st and the other biker is 145m behind
General B. The recreational finishes first and the other biker is 54.6 m behind

Engineering C.
D.
Both bikers reached the destination at the same time
The professional finishes first and the other biker is 102m behind
 Newton’s Laws of Motion

1st Law – Law of Inertia

2nd Law – Law of Acceleration
3rd Law – Law of Interaction

Force – causes the motion of an object

General 1. Gravitational Force

Engineering Earth.
Trivia: Our weight is our gravitational force of attraction towards the

Therefore, greater mass = greater attraction

2.Normal force (N)

3. Friction Force () -

4. Tension (T)

5. Spring Force ( -
 Mechanical Work – a form of energy that can move an object along the direction
of the applied force

Mechanical Power – amount of work done over a duration of time

Mechanical Efficiency – ratio of output work and the input work

Mechanical Energy – sum of PE and KE

General
Engineering Conservation of Mechanical Energy

Potential Energy – stored energy

Kinetic Energy – energy associated with motion

 A 500 kg roller coaster portion reached a maximum height of 20 m.

a. What is its maximum potential energy?

a. 82 kJ
b. 88 kJ
c. 92 kJ
d. 98 kJ

General b. What is the velocity at the lowest point?

Engineering a. 16.2 m/s

b. 19.8 m/s
c. 21.0 m/s
d. 23.5 m/s

c. What are the PE and KE at 5 m below the initial height?

a. PE = 73575 J; KE = 24425 J
b. PE = 53775 J; KE = 42245 J
c. PE = 75375 J; KE = 24524 J
d. PE = 57375 K; KE = 42425 J
 Collision

Type of Collision Description Conserved

Elastic Objects bounce off each Momentum and Kinetic
other with no energy loss Energy
Inelastic Total kinetic energy of the Momentum
system decreases
General Perfectly Elastic Objects stick together Momentum
after collision
Engineering
Coefficient of Restitution – describes how the speed of separation of impacting
bodies compare with their speed of approach.

Perfectly inelastic: e = 0
Perfectly elastic: e = 1
 A 1 kg mass moving at 2 m/s makes a head on collision with a 1.5 kg mass at 1
m/s opposite in direction of the first (e=2/3). What are the velocities after the
impact?

a. = -1 m/s; = 1 m/s
b. = -0.5 m/s; = 0.5 m/s
General c. = -2 m/s; = 2 m/s

Engineering d. = -1.5 m/s; = 1.5 m/s

 Static Equilibrium – the object stays at rest

Static Conditions:

General
Engineering Moment – measure of the ability of the force to cause a turning effect about a
point of an axis
 Impulse and Momentum

Momentum – describes a body’s resistance to be stopped.

Impulse – describes a net force acting on a body at a certain duration of time

General
Engineering
 A 50 kg bucket hangs on two cables that make angles of 40 degrees and 75
degrees with respect to the horizontal on each side. What is the force on each
cable?

a.
b.
c.
General
Engineering A 30 kg block is placed on an inclined plane making an angle of 25 degrees with
respect to the horizon. What is the minimum force along the plane that is
needed to cause its motion down the plane if µ = 0.8?

d. 67.23 N
e. 75.65 N
f. 88.91 N
g. 96. 87 N
 10 kN 10 kN 15 kN

5 kN

A B

General
Engineering What is the vertical component of the reaction at A?

a. 5 kN
b. 10 kN
c. 12.5 kN
d. 22.5 kN
 10 kN 10 kN 15 kN

5 kN

A B

General
Engineering What is the horizontal component of the reaction at A?

a. 5 kN
b. 10 kN
c. 12.5 kN
d. 22.5 kN
 10 kN 10 kN 15 kN

5 kN

A B

General
Engineering Assignment:

What is the vertical component of the reaction at B?

a. 5 kN
b. 10 kN
c. 12.5 kN
d. 22.5 kN
 Assignment:

1. A 100 lb wedge (A) placed on top of a similar wedge (B) is being pushed
parallel to the incline. The inclination of both wedges is 30 degrees and the angle
of friction on all the wedges is 15 degrees.

a. Find the minimum force P needed to push the wedge upwards the incline of
the other wedge? (P = 73.2 lb)
General b. What is the magnitude of the reaction between wedge A and wedge B?
( 86.6 lb)
Engineering c. What is the normal force experienced by wedge B? (

2. The tension in both sides of the pulley (coefficient of friction is 0.07) are 120 N,
and 110 N. What is the angle occupied by the ropes?

d. 70 °
e. 71 °
f. 72 °
g. 73 °
 Waves

A source emits sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz. The source and the observer
move toward each other, at both 100 m/s. The observer hears the sound of what
frequency?

a. 2381 Hz
b. 1823 Hz
General c.
d.
2831 Hz
1283 Hz
Engineering
 Optical instrument

Thin lens Equation

Focal length (f) – depends on the type of instrument

(+) – converging instrument (convex lens, concave mirror)

General ( - ) – diverging instrument ( concave lens, convex mirror)

Engineering Object Distance () – always (+)

Image Distance ()
(+) – same side of observer (real)
(-) – opposite side of observer (virtual)
 Optical instrument

Magnification

– always set as positive

(+) – upright ( Erect)

General ( - ) – Downright (Inverted)

Engineering
 A 12 cm tall object is placed 24 cm in front of a concave lens with a focal length
of 8 cm. Calculate the following:

a. Distance of the image

b. Height of the image
c. Is the image real or virtual?
d. Is it erect or inverted?

General A concave spherical mirror has a focal length of 12 cm. If an object is placed 6 cm
Engineering in front of it the image position is:

e. 12 cm in front of the mirror

f. 12 cm behind the mirror
g. 14 cm in front of the mirror
h. 14 cm behind the mirror
 Assignment:

A 4 cm tall object is placed 50 cm in front of a concave mirror with a focal length

of 15 cm. Calculate the following:

a. Distance of the image

b. Height of the image
c. Is the image real of virtual?
General d. Is it erect or inverted?

Engineering
Thank you!
Physics and Engineering Mechanics
Kim Brian A. Endaya, RChE, RChT, SO2