Outline

CSE131: Computer Programming

Functions

Prof. Mahmoud Khalil

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 2

Outline
Introduction
Program Components in C++
Functions
Function Definitions
Function Prototypes
Header Files
Random Number Generation
Example: A Game of Chance and Introducing enum
Scope Rules
Functions with Empty Parameter Lists
Inline Functions
Default Arguments
Unary Scope Resolution Operator
Function Overloading
Function Templates

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 3

Introduction

• Divide and conquer

– Construct a program from smaller pieces or components
– Each piece more manageable than the original program

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 4

Program Components in C++

• Modules: functions and classes

• Programs use new and “prepackaged” modules
– New: programmer-defined functions, classes
– Prepackaged: from the standard library
• Functions invoked by function call
– Function name and information (arguments) it needs
• Function definitions
– Only written once
– Hidden from other functions

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 5

Program Components in C++

• Boss to worker analogy

– A boss (the calling function or caller) asks a worker (the
called function) to perform a task and return (i.e., report
back) the results when the task is done.

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 6

Functions

• Functions
– Modularize a program
– Software reusability
• Call function multiple times
• Local variables
– Known only in the function in which they are defined
– All variables declared in function definitions are local
variables
• Parameters
– Local variables passed to function when called
– Provide outside information

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 7

Function Definitions

• Function prototype
– Tells compiler argument type and return type of function
– int square( int );
• Function takes an int and returns an int
– Explained in more detail later

• Calling/invoking a function
– square(x);
– Parentheses an operator used to call function
• Pass argument x
• Function gets its own copy of arguments
– After finished, passes back result

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 8

Function Definitions

• Format for function definition

return-value-type function-name( parameter-list )
{
declarations and statements
}
– Parameter list
• Comma separated list of arguments
– Data type needed for each argument
• If no arguments, use void or leave blank
– Return-value-type
• Data type of result returned (use void if nothing returned)

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 9

Function Definitions

• Example function
int square( int y )
{

return y * y;
}
• return keyword
– Returns data, and control goes to function’s caller
• If no data to return, use return;
– Function ends when reaches right brace
• Control goes to caller
• Functions cannot be defined inside other functions
• Next: program examples
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 10
1 // Fig. 3.3: fig03_03.cpp
2 // Creating and using a programmer-defined function.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 Function prototype: specifies fig03_03.cpp
5 using std::cout; data types of arguments and
6 using std::endl; (1 of 2)
return values. square
7
8 int square( int );
expects and int, and returns
// function prototype
9 an int.
10 int main()
11 {
12 Parentheses () cause function
// loop 10 times and calculate and output
13 // square of x each time to be called. When done, it
14 for ( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) returns the result.
15 cout << square( x ) << " "; // function call
16
17 cout << endl;
18
19 return 0; // indicates successful termination
20
21 } // end main
22

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 11
23 // square function definition returns square of an integer
24 int square( int y ) // y is a copy of argument to function
Outline
25 {
26 return y * y; // returns square of y as an int
27
fig03_03.cpp
28 } // end function square (2 of 2)
Definition of square. y is a
copy of the argument passed. fig03_03.cpp
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 Returns y * y, or y squared. output (1 of 1)

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 12
1 // Fig. 3.4: fig03_04.cpp
2 // Finding the maximum of three floating-point numbers.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_04.cpp
6 using std::cin; (1 of 2)
7 using std::endl;
8
9 double maximum( double, double, double ); // function prototype
10
11 int main()
12 {
13 double number1;
14 double number2; Function maximum takes 3
15 double number3; arguments (all double) and
16 returns a double.
17 cout << "Enter three floating-point numbers: ";
18 cin >> number1 >> number2 >> number3;
19
20 // number1, number2 and number3 are arguments to
21 // the maximum function call
22 cout << "Maximum is: "
23 << maximum( number1, number2, number3 ) << endl;
24
25 return 0; // indicates successful termination

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 13
26
27 } // end main
Outline
28 Comma separated list for
29 // function maximum definition; multiple parameters.
30 // x, y and z are parameters
fig03_04.cpp
31 double maximum( double x, double y, double z ) (2 of 2)
32 {
33 double max = x; // assume x is largest fig03_04.cpp
34 output (1 of 1)
35 if ( y > max ) // if y is larger,
36 max = y; // assign y to max
37
38 if ( z > max ) // if z is larger,
39 max = z; // assign z to max
40
41 return max; // max is largest value
42
43 } // end function maximum

Enter three floating-point numbers: 99.32 37.3 27.1928

Maximum is: 99.32

Enter three floating-point numbers: 1.1 3.333 2.22

Maximum is: 3.333

Enter three floating-point numbers: 27.9 14.31 88.99

Maximum is: 88.99

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 14

Function Prototypes

• Function prototype contains

– Function name
– Parameters (number and data type)
– Return type (void if returns nothing)
– Only needed if function definition after function call
• Prototype must match function definition
– Function prototype
double maximum( double, double, double );
– Definition
double maximum( double x, double y, double z )
{
…
}

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 15

Function Prototypes

• Function signature
– Part of prototype with name and parameters
• double maximum( double, double, double );

• Argument Coercion Function signature

– Force arguments to be of proper type
• Converting int (4) to double (4.0)
cout << sqrt(4)
– Conversion rules
• Arguments usually converted automatically
• Changing from double to int can truncate data
– 3.4 to 3
– Mixed type goes to highest type (promotion)
• Int * double

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 16

Function Prototypes

Da ta typ e s
long double
double
float
unsigned long int (synonymous with unsigned long)
long int (synonymous with long)
unsigned int (synonymous with unsigned)
int
unsigned short int (synonymous with unsigned short)
short int (synonymous with short)
unsigned char
char
bool (false becomes 0, true becomes 1)
Fig . 3.5 Pro m o tio n h ie ra rc h y fo r b u ilt-in d a ta typ e s.

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 17

Header Files

• Header files contain

– Function prototypes
– Definitions of data types and constants
• Header files ending with .h
– Programmer-defined header files
#include “myheader.h”
• Library header files
#include <cmath>

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 18

Random Number Generation

• rand function (<cstdlib>)

– i = rand();
– Generates unsigned integer between 0 and RAND_MAX
(usually 32767)
• Scaling and shifting
– Modulus (remainder) operator: %
• 10 % 3 is 1
• x % y is between 0 and y – 1
– Example
i = rand() % 6 + 1;
• “Rand() % 6” generates a number between 0 and 5 (scaling)
• “+ 1” makes the range 1 to 6 (shift)
– Next: program to roll dice

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 19
1 // Fig. 3.7: fig03_07.cpp
2 // Shifted, scaled integers produced by 1 + rand() % 6.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_07.cpp
6 using std::endl; (1 of 2)
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 #include <cstdlib> // contains function prototype for rand
13
14 int main()
15 {
16 // loop 20 times
17 for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 20; counter++ ) { Output of rand() scaled and
18 shifted to be a number
19 // pick random number from 1 to 6 and output it between 1 and 6.
20 cout << setw( 10 ) << ( 1 + rand() % 6 );
21
22 // if counter divisible by 5, begin new line of output
23 if ( counter % 5 == 0 )
24 cout << endl;
25
26 } // end for structure

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 20
27
28 return 0; // indicates successful termination
Outline
29
30 } // end main
fig03_07.cpp
6 6 5 5 6 (2 of 2)
5 1 1 5 3
6 6 2 4 2 fig03_07.cpp
6 2 3 4 1 output (1 of 1)

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 21

Random Number Generation

• Next
– Program to show distribution of rand()
– Simulate 6000 rolls of a die
– Print number of 1’s, 2’s, 3’s, etc. rolled
– Should be roughly 1000 of each

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 22
1 // Fig. 3.8: fig03_08.cpp
2 // Roll a six-sided die 6000 times.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_08.cpp
6 using std::endl; (1 of 3)
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setw;
11
12 #include <cstdlib> // contains function prototype for rand
13
14 int main()
15 {
16 int frequency1 = 0;
17 int frequency2 = 0;
18 int frequency3 = 0;
19 int frequency4 = 0;
20 int frequency5 = 0;
21 int frequency6 = 0;
22 int face; // represents one roll of the die
23

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 23
24 // loop 6000 times and summarize results
25 for ( int roll = 1; roll <= 6000; roll++ ) {
Outline
26 face = 1 + rand() % 6; // random number from 1 to 6
27
28 // determine face value and increment appropriate counter
fig03_08.cpp
29 switch ( face ) { (2 of 3)
30
31 case 1: // rolled 1
32 ++frequency1;
33 break;
34
35 case 2: // rolled 2
36 ++frequency2;
37 break;
38
39 case 3: // rolled 3
40 ++frequency3;
41 break;
42
43 case 4: // rolled 4
44 ++frequency4;
45 break;
46
47 case 5: // rolled 5
48 ++frequency5;
49 break;

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 24
50
51 case 6: // rolled 6
Outline
52 ++frequency6;
53 break;
54
fig03_08.cpp
55 default: // invalid value (3 of 3)
56 cout << "Program should never get here!";
57
58 } // end switch
59
Default case included even
60 } // end for though it should never be
61 reached. This is a matter of
62 // display results in tabulargood coding style
format
63 cout << "Face" << setw( 13 ) << "Frequency"
64 << "\n 1" << setw( 13 ) << frequency1
65 << "\n 2" << setw( 13 ) << frequency2
66 << "\n 3" << setw( 13 ) << frequency3
67 << "\n 4" << setw( 13 ) << frequency4
68 << "\n 5" << setw( 13 ) << frequency5
69 << "\n 6" << setw( 13 ) << frequency6 << endl;
70
71 return 0; // indicates successful termination
72
73 } // end main

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 25
Face Frequency
1 1003
Outline
2 1017
3 983
4 994
fig03_08.cpp
5 1004 output (1 of 1)
6 999

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 26

Random Number Generation

• Calling rand() repeatedly

– Gives the same sequence of numbers
• Pseudorandom numbers
– Preset sequence of "random" numbers
– Same sequence generated whenever program run
• To get different random sequences
– Provide a seed value
• Like a random starting point in the sequence
• The same seed will give the same sequence
– srand(seed);
• <cstdlib>
• Used before rand() to set the seed

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 27
1 // Fig. 3.9: fig03_09.cpp
2 // Randomizing die-rolling program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_09.cpp
6 using std::cin; (1 of 2)
7 using std::endl;
8
9 #include <iomanip>
10
11 using std::setw;
12
13 // contains prototypes for functions srand and rand
14 #include <cstdlib>
15
16 // main function begins program execution
17 int main()
18 {
19 unsigned seed;
20 Setting the seed with
21 cout << "Enter seed: "; srand().
22 cin >> seed;
23 srand( seed ); // seed random number generator
24

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 28
25 // loop 10 times
26 for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ ) {
Outline
27
28 // pick random number from 1 to 6 and output it
29 cout << setw( 10 ) << ( 1 + rand() % 6 );
fig03_09.cpp
30 (2 of 2)
31 // if counter divisible by 5, begin new line of output
32 if ( counter % 5 == 0 ) fig03_09.cpp
33 cout << endl; output (1 of 1)
34
35 } // end for
36
37 return 0; // indicates successful termination
38 rand() gives the same
39 } // end main sequence if it has the same
initial seed.
Enter seed: 67
6 1 4 6 2
1 6 1 6 4

Enter seed: 432

4 6 3 1 6
3 1 5 4 2

Enter seed: 67
6 1 4 6 2
1 6 1 6 4

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 29

Random Number Generation

• Can use the current time to set the seed

– No need to explicitly set seed every time
– srand( time( 0 ) );
– time( 0 );
• <ctime>
• Returns current time in seconds
• General shifting and scaling
– Number = shiftingValue + rand() % scalingFactor
– shiftingValue = first number in desired range
– scalingFactor = width of desired range

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 30

Example: Game of Chance and Introducing enum

• Enumeration
– Set of integers with identifiers
enum typeName {constant1, constant2…};
– Constants start at 0 (default), incremented by 1
– Constants need unique names
– Cannot assign integer to enumeration variable
• Must use a previously defined enumeration type
• Example
enum Status {CONTINUE, WON, LOST};
Status enumVar;
enumVar = WON; // cannot do enumVar = 1

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 31

Example: Game of Chance and Introducing enum

• Enumeration constants can have preset values

enum Months { JAN = 1, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY,
JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC};
– Starts at 1, increments by 1
• Next: craps simulator
– Roll two dice
– 7 or 11 on first throw: player wins
– 2, 3, or 12 on first throw: player loses
– 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10
• Value becomes player's "point"
• Player must roll his point before rolling 7 to win

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 32
1 // Fig. 3.10: fig03_10.cpp
2 // Craps.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_10.cpp
6 using std::endl; (1 of 5)
7
8 // contains function prototypes for functions srand and rand
9 #include <cstdlib>
10 Function to roll 2 dice and
11 #include <ctime> return the
// contains prototype for result as antime
function int.
12
13 int rollDice( void ); // function prototype
14
15 int main() Enumeration to keep track of
16 { the current game.
17 // enumeration constants represent game status
18 enum Status { CONTINUE, WON, LOST };
19
20 int sum;
21 int myPoint;
22
23 Status gameStatus; // can contain CONTINUE, WON or LOST
24

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 33
25 // randomize random number generator using current time
26 srand( time( 0 ) );
Outline
27
28 sum = rollDice(); switch
// first roll statement
of the dice
29 determines outcome based on fig03_10.cpp
30 // determine game status and die roll.
point based on sum of dice (2 of 5)
31 switch ( sum ) {
32
33 // win on first roll
34 case 7:
35 case 11:
36 gameStatus = WON;
37 break;
38
39 // lose on first roll
40 case 2:
41 case 3:
42 case 12:
43 gameStatus = LOST;
44 break;
45

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 34
46 // remember point
47 default:
Outline
48 gameStatus = CONTINUE;
49 myPoint = sum;
50 cout << "Point is " << myPoint << endl;
fig03_10.cpp
51 break; // optional (3 of 5)
52
53 } // end switch
54
55 // while game not complete ...
56 while ( gameStatus == CONTINUE ) {
57 sum = rollDice(); // roll dice again
58
59 // determine game status
60 if ( sum == myPoint ) // win by making point
61 gameStatus = WON;
62 else
63 if ( sum == 7 ) // lose by rolling 7
64 gameStatus = LOST;
65
66 } // end while
67

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 35
68 // display won or lost message
69 if ( gameStatus == WON )
Outline
70 cout << "Player wins" << endl;
71 else
72 cout << "Player loses" << endl;
fig03_10.cpp
73 (4 of 5)
74 return 0; // indicates successful termination
75
76 } // end main Function rollDice takes no
77 arguments, so has void in
78 // roll dice, calculate sum and the parameter
display resultslist.
79 int rollDice( void )
80 {
81 int die1;
82 int die2;
83 int workSum;
84
85 die1 = 1 + rand() % 6; // pick random die1 value
86 die2 = 1 + rand() % 6; // pick random die2 value
87 workSum = die1 + die2; // sum die1 and die2
88

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 36
89 // display results of this roll
90 cout << "Player rolled " << die1 << " + " << die2
Outline
91 << " = " << workSum << endl;
92
93 return workSum; // return sum of dice
fig03_10.cpp
94 (5 of 5)
95 } // end function rollDice

Player rolled 2 + 5 = 7 fig03_10.cpp

Player wins output (1 of 2)
Player rolled 6 + 6 = 12
Player loses

Player rolled 3 + 3 = 6
Point is 6
Player rolled 5 + 3 = 8
Player rolled 4 + 5 = 9
Player rolled 2 + 1 = 3
Player rolled 1 + 5 = 6
Player wins

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 37
Player rolled 1 + 3 = 4
Point is 4
Outline
Player rolled 4 + 6 = 10
Player rolled 2 + 4 = 6
Player rolled 6 + 4 = 10
fig03_10.cpp
Player rolled 2 + 3 = 5 output (2 of 2)
Player rolled 2 + 4 = 6
Player rolled 1 + 1 = 2
Player rolled 4 + 4 = 8
Player rolled 4 + 3 = 7
Player loses

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 38

Scope Rules

• Scope
– Portion of program where identifier can be used
• File scope
– Defined outside a function, known in all functions
– Global variables, function definitions and prototypes
• Function scope
– Can only be referenced inside defining function
– Only labels, e.g., identifiers with a colon (case:)

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 39

Scope Rules

• Block scope
– Begins at declaration, ends at right brace }
• Can only be referenced in this range
– Local variables, function parameters
– static variables still have block scope
• Storage class separate from scope
• Function-prototype scope
– Parameter list of prototype
– Names in prototype optional
• Compiler ignores
– In a single prototype, name can be used once

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 40
1 // Fig. 3.12: fig03_12.cpp
2 // A scoping example.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_12.cpp
6 using std::endl; (1 of 5)
7
8 void useLocal( void ); // function prototype
9 void useStaticLocal( void ); Declared outside
// function of function;
prototype
10 void useGlobal( void ); global variable prototype
// function with file
11 scope.
12 int x = 1; // global variable
13 Local variable with function
14 int main() scope.
15 {
16 int x = 5; // local variable to main
17
18 cout << "local x in main's outer scope is " << x << endl;
19 Create a new block, giving x
20 { // start new scope block scope. When the block
21 ends, this x is destroyed.
22 int x = 7;
23
24 cout << "local x in main's inner scope is " << x << endl;
25
26 } // end new scope

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 Outline

41
27
28 cout << "local x in main's outer scope is " << x << endl;
29
30 useLocal(); // useLocal has local x
31 useStaticLocal(); // useStaticLocal has static local x
fig03_12.cpp
32 useGlobal(); // useGlobal uses global x (2 of 5)
33 useLocal(); // useLocal reinitializes its local x
34 useStaticLocal(); // static local x retains its prior value
35 useGlobal(); // global x also retains its value
36
37 cout << "\nlocal x in main is " << x << endl;
38
39 return 0; // indicates successful termination
40
41 } // end main  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
42 All rights reserved.
 42
Outline

fig03_12.cpp
(3 of 5)

43 // useLocal reinitializes local variable x during each call

44 void useLocal( void )
45 {
46 int x = 25; // initialized each time useLocal is called
47
48 cout << endl << "local x is Automatic
" << x variable (local
49 << variable
" on entering useLocal" of function). This
<< endl; is
50 ++x; destroyed when the function
51 cout << "local x is " << x
exits, and reinitialized when
52 << " on exiting useLocal" << endl;
the function begins.
53
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54 } // end function useLocal
All rights reserved.
55
 Outline

43
56 // useStaticLocal initializes static local variable x only the
57 // first time the function is called; value of x is saved
58 // between calls to this function
59 void useStaticLocal( void )
60 {
fig03_12.cpp
61 // initialized only first time useStaticLocal is called (4 of 5)
62 static int x = 50;
63
64 cout << endl << "local static x is " << x
65 << " on entering useStaticLocal" << endl;
66 ++x;
67 cout << "local static x is " << xStatic local variable of
68 << function;
" on exiting useStaticLocal" it is initialized
<< endl; only
69 once, and retains its value
70 } // end function useStaticLocal
between function calls.  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
71
All rights reserved.
 44
72 // useGlobal modifies global variable x during each call
73 void useGlobal( void )
Outline
74 {
75 cout << endl << "global x is " << x This function does not declarefig03_12.cpp
76 << " on entering useGlobal" << endl; any variables. It uses the
77 x *= 10; (5 of 5)
global x declared in the
78 cout << "global x is " << x
79 << " on exiting useGlobal" << endl;
beginning of the program. fig03_12.cpp
80 output (1 of 2)
81 } // end function useGlobal

local x in main's outer scope is 5

local x in main's inner scope is 7
local x in main's outer scope is 5

local x is 25 on entering useLocal

local x is 26 on exiting useLocal

local static x is 50 on entering useStaticLocal

local static x is 51 on exiting useStaticLocal

global x is 1 on entering useGlobal

global x is 10 on exiting useGlobal

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 45
local x is 25 on entering useLocal
Outline
local x is 26 on exiting useLocal

local static x is 51 on entering useStaticLocal

fig03_12.cpp
local static x is 52 on exiting useStaticLocal output (2 of 2)

global x is 10 on entering useGlobal

global x is 100 on exiting useGlobal

local x in main is 5

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 46

Functions with Empty Parameter Lists

• Empty parameter lists

– void or leave parameter list empty
– Indicates function takes no arguments
– Function print takes no arguments and returns no value
• void print();
• void print( void );

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 47
1 // Fig. 3.18: fig03_18.cpp
2 // Functions that take no arguments.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_18.cpp
6 using std::endl; (1 of 2)
7
8 void function1(); // function prototype
9 void function2( void ); // function prototype
10
11 int main()
12 {
13 function1(); // call function1 with no arguments
14 function2(); // call function2 with no arguments
15
16 return 0; // indicates successful termination
17
18 } // end main
19

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 48
20 // function1 uses an empty parameter list to specify that
21 // the function receives no arguments
Outline
22 void function1()
23 {
24 cout << "function1 takes no arguments" << endl;
fig03_18.cpp
25 (2 of 2)
26 } // end function1
27 fig03_18.cpp
28 // function2 uses a void parameter list to specify that output (1 of 1)
29 // the function receives no arguments
30 void function2( void )
31 {
32 cout << "function2 also takes no arguments" << endl;
33
34 } // end function2

function1 takes no arguments

function2 also takes no arguments

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 49

Inline Functions

• Inline functions
– Keyword inline before function
– Asks the compiler to copy code into program instead of
making function call
• Reduce function-call overhead
• Compiler can ignore inline
– Good for small, often-used functions
• Example
inline double cube( const double s )
{ return s * s * s; }
– const tells compiler that function does not modify s
• Discussed in chapters 6-7

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 50
1 // Fig. 3.19: fig03_19.cpp
2 // Using an inline function to calculate.
Outline
3 // the volume of a cube.
4 #include <iostream>
5
fig03_19.cpp
6 using std::cout; (1 of 2)
7 using std::cin;
8 using std::endl;
9
10 // Definition of inline function cube. Definition of function
11 // appears before function is called, so a function prototype
12 // is not required. First line of function definition acts as
13 // the prototype.
14 inline double cube( const double side )
15 {
16 return side * side * side; // calculate cube
17
18 } // end function cube
19

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 51
20 int main()
21 {
Outline
22 cout << "Enter the side length of your cube: ";
23
24 double sideValue;
fig03_19.cpp
25 (2 of 2)
26 cin >> sideValue;
27 fig03_19.cpp
28 // calculate cube of sideValue and display result output (1 of 1)
29 cout << "Volume of cube with side "
30 << sideValue << " is " << cube( sideValue ) << endl;
31
32 return 0; // indicates successful termination
33
34 } // end main

Enter the side length of your cube: 3.5

Volume of cube with side 3.5 is 42.875

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 52

Default Arguments

• Function call with omitted parameters

– If not enough parameters, rightmost go to their defaults
– Default values
• Can be constants, global variables, or function calls
• Set defaults in function prototype
int myFunction( int x = 1, int y = 2, int z = 3 );
– myFunction(3)
• x = 3, y and z get defaults (rightmost)
– myFunction(3, 5)
• x = 3, y = 5 and z gets default

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 53
1 // Fig. 3.23: fig03_23.cpp
2 // Using default arguments.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
Set defaults in function fig03_23.cpp
7 prototype. (1 of 2)
8 // function prototype that specifies default arguments
9 int boxVolume( int length = 1, int width = 1, int height = 1 );
10
11 int main()
12 {
13 // no arguments--use default values for all dimensions Function calls with some
14 cout << "The default box volume is: " << boxVolume(); parameters missing – the
15 rightmost parameters get their
16 // specify length; default width and height
defaults.
17 cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
18 << "width 1 and height 1 is: " << boxVolume( 10 );
19
20 // specify length and width; default height
21 cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
22 << "width 5 and height 1 is: " << boxVolume( 10, 5 );
23

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 54
24 // specify all arguments
25 cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
Outline
26 << "width 5 and height 2 is: " << boxVolume( 10, 5, 2 )
27 << endl;
28
fig03_23.cpp
29 return 0; // indicates successful termination (2 of 2)
30
31 } // end main fig03_23.cpp
32 output (1 of 1)
33 // function boxVolume calculates the volume of a box
34 int boxVolume( int length, int width, int height )
35 {
36 return length * width * height;
37
38 } // end function boxVolume

The default box volume is: 1

The volume of a box with length 10,

width 1 and height 1 is: 10

The volume of a box with length 10,

width 5 and height 1 is: 50

The volume of a box with length 10,

width 5 and height 2 is: 100

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 55

Unitary Scope Resolution Operator

• Unary scope resolution operator (::)

– Access global variable if local variable has same name
– Not needed if names are different
– Use ::variable
• y = ::x + 3;
– Good to avoid using same names for locals and globals

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 56
1 // Fig. 3.24: fig03_24.cpp
2 // Using the unary scope resolution operator.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_24.cpp
6 using std::endl; (1 of 2)
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9
10 using std::setprecision;
11 Access the global PI
12 // define global constant PI with ::PI.
13 const double PI = 3.14159265358979;
14
Cast the global PI to a
15 int main()
16 {
float for the local PI. This
17 // define local constant PI example will show the
18 const float PI = static_cast< float >( ::PI ); difference between float
19 and double.
20 // display values of local and global PI constants
21 cout << setprecision( 20 )
22 << " Local float value of PI = " << PI
23 << "\nGlobal double value of PI = " << ::PI << endl;
24
25 return 0; // indicates successful termination

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 57
26
27 } // end main
Outline

fig03_24.cpp
Microsoft Visual C++ compiler output: (2 of 2)
Local float value of PI = 3.1415927410125732
Global double value of PI = 3.14159265358979
fig03_24.cpp
output (1 of 1)

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 58

Function Overloading

• Function overloading
– Functions with same name and different parameters
– Should perform similar tasks
• I.e., function to square ints and function to square floats
int square( int x) {return x * x;}
float square(float x) { return x * x; }
• Overloaded functions distinguished by signature
– Based on name and parameter types (order matters)
– Name mangling
• Encodes function identifier with parameters
– Type-safe linkage
• Ensures proper overloaded function called

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 59
1 // Fig. 3.25: fig03_25.cpp
2 // Using overloaded functions.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_25.cpp
6 using std::endl;
Overloaded functions have (1 of 2)
7 the same name, but the
8 // function square for int values different parameters
9 int square( int x ) distinguish them.
10 {
11 cout << "Called square with int argument: " << x << endl;
12 return x * x;
13
14 } // end int version of function square
15
16 // function square for double values
17 double square( double y )
18 {
19 cout << "Called square with double argument: " << y << endl;
20 return y * y;
21
22 } // end double version of function square
23

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 60
24 int main()
25 {
Outline
26 int intResult = square( 7 ); // calls int version
27 double doubleResult = square( 7.5 ); // calls double version
28
fig03_25.cpp
29 cout << "\nThe square of integer 7 is " << intResult (2 of 2)
30 << "\nThe square of double The
7.5 proper
is " <<function is called
doubleResult
31 << endl; based upon the argument fig03_25.cpp
32 (int or double). output (1 of 1)
33 return 0; // indicates successful termination
34
35 } // end main

Called square with int argument: 7

Called square with double argument: 7.5

The square of integer 7 is 49

The square of double 7.5 is 56.25

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 61

Function Templates

• Compact way to make overloaded functions

– Generate separate function for different data types
• Format
– Begin with keyword template
– Formal type parameters in brackets <>
• Every type parameter preceded by typename or class
(synonyms)
• Placeholders for built-in types (i.e., int) or user-defined types
• Specify arguments types, return types, declare variables
– Function definition like normal, except formal types used

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 62

Function Templates

• Example
template < class T > // or template< typename T >
T square( T value1 )
{
return value1 * value1;
}
– T is a formal type, used as parameter type
• Above function returns variable of same type as parameter
– In function call, T replaced by real type
• If int, all T's become ints
int x;
int y = square(x);

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 63
1 // Fig. 3.27: fig03_27.cpp
2 // Using a function template.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
fig03_27.cpp
6 using std::cin; (1 of 3)
7 using std::endl; Formal type parameter T
8 placeholder for type of data to
9 // definition of function template be tested by maximum.
maximum
10 template < class T > // or template < typename T >
11 T maximum( T value1, T value2, T value3 )
12 {
13 T max = value1;
14 maximum expects all
15 if ( value2 > max ) parameters to be of the same
16 max = value2;
type.
17
18 if ( value3 > max )
19 max = value3;
20
21 return max;
22
23 } // end function template maximum
24

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 64
25 int main()
26 {
Outline
27 // demonstrate maximum with int values
28 int int1, int2, int3;
29
fig03_27.cpp
30 cout << "Input three integer values: "; (2 of 3)
31 cin >> int1 >> int2 >> int3;
maximum called with various
32
33 // invoke int version of maximum
data types.
34 cout << "The maximum integer value is: "
35 << maximum( int1, int2, int3 );
36
37 // demonstrate maximum with double values
38 double double1, double2, double3;
39
40 cout << "\n\nInput three double values: ";
41 cin >> double1 >> double2 >> double3;
42
43 // invoke double version of maximum
44 cout << "The maximum double value is: "
45 << maximum( double1, double2, double3 );
46

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 65
47 // demonstrate maximum with char values
48 char char1, char2, char3;
Outline
49
50 cout << "\n\nInput three characters: ";
51 cin >> char1 >> char2 >> char3;
fig03_27.cpp
52 (3 of 3)
53 // invoke char version of maximum
54 cout << "The maximum character value is: " fig03_27.cpp
55 << maximum( char1, char2, char3 ) output (1 of 1)
56 << endl;
57
58 return 0; // indicates successful termination
59
60 } // end main

Input three integer values: 1 2 3

The maximum integer value is: 3

Input three double values: 3.3 2.2 1.1

The maximum double value is: 3.3

Input three characters: A C B

The maximum character value is: C

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