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    Sports Physiology

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    SergioMPN
    Exercise physiology is the study of how the body converts chemical energy into mechanical work during exercise. There are two types of muscle contraction: isometric, where the muscle does not shorten but tension remains constant; and isotonic, where the muscle shortens while tension remains constant. Muscle performance is determined by strength, power, and endurance. Exercise causes cellular and organ system adjustments including increased metabolic, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine and thermal changes to meet increased demands. The main energy systems are the phosphagen, glycolytic and oxidative systems. Muscle fiber types, either slow-twitch or fast-twitch, also impact performance.

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    Sports Physiology

    Uploaded by

    SergioMPN
    253 views52 pages
    Exercise physiology is the study of how the body converts chemical energy into mechanical work during exercise. There are two types of muscle contraction: isometric, where the muscle does not shorten but tension remains constant; and isotonic, where the muscle shortens while tension remains constant. Muscle performance is determined by strength, power, and endurance. Exercise causes cellular and organ system adjustments including increased metabolic, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine and thermal changes to meet increased demands. The main energy systems are the phosphagen, glycolytic and oxidative systems. Muscle fiber types, either slow-twitch or fast-twitch, also impact performance.

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    Exercise physiology is the study of how the body converts chemical energy into mechanical work during exercise. There are two types of muscle contraction: isometric, where the muscle does not shorten but tension remains constant; and isotonic, where the muscle shortens while tension remains constant. Muscle performance is determined by strength, power, and endurance. Exercise causes cellular and organ system adjustments including increased metabolic, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine and thermal changes to meet increased demands. The main energy systems are the phosphagen, glycolytic and oxidative systems. Muscle fiber types, either slow-twitch or fast-twitch, also impact performance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    253 views52 pages

    Sports Physiology

    Uploaded by

    SergioMPN
    Exercise physiology is the study of how the body converts chemical energy into mechanical work during exercise. There are two types of muscle contraction: isometric, where the muscle does not shorten but tension remains constant; and isotonic, where the muscle shortens while tension remains constant. Muscle performance is determined by strength, power, and endurance. Exercise causes cellular and organ system adjustments including increased metabolic, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine and thermal changes to meet increased demands. The main energy systems are the phosphagen, glycolytic and oxidative systems. Muscle fiber types, either slow-twitch or fast-twitch, also impact performance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 52

    EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

    is the study of the physical and chemical events that provide for the conversion of chemical energy to mechanical work.

    Muscular Contraction

    major physiologic event that occurs during exercise which requires energy (ATP).

    Two Types of Muscular Contraction

    Isometric Contraction

    Isotonic contraction

    is a static contraction in which the muscle does not shorten.


    is a contraction in which the force of contraction remains constant throughout the shortening. a) Concentric contraction

    b) Eccentric contraction

    occurs when shortening a muscle while exerting a force.

    occurs when lengthening a muscle while resisting an external load.

    Muscles in Exercise

    STRENGTH

    determined mainly by size. maximal contractile force (3 to 4 kg/cm2 of muscle cross-sectional area).

    200 cm2 - 600 800 kilograms (contractile strength) 200 cm2 - 840 1120 kilograms (holding strength)

    POWER

    is a measure of the total amount of work that the muscle performs in a unit period of time. determined by
    a) strength of contraction b) distance of contraction c) number of times it contracts each minute First 8 to 10 seconds Next 1 minute Next 30 minutes 7000 kg.m/min 4000 kg.m/min 700 kg.m/min

    ENDURANCE

    final measure of muscle performance. depends on the nutritive support for the muscle (glycogen).
    High-carbohydrate diet Mixed diet High-fat diet 240 minutes 120 minutes 85 minutes

    Amount of glycogen stored in a muscle


    High-carbohydrate diet Mixed diet High-fat diet 40 g/kg muscle 20 g/kg muscle 6 g/kg muscle

    Male versus Female athlete


    almost identical basic physiologic principles are applied for both. there are quantitative differences caused by: a) body size b) body composition (muscle mass) - pulmonary ventilation
    c) amount of testosterone d) amount of estrogen muscle strength per cm2 = 3 to 4 kg/cm2 (same)
    - cardiac output - muscle strength

    TESTOSTERONE
    ANABOLIC EFFECT

    ESTROGEN
    ANABOLIC EFFECT

    PROTEIN DEPOSITION

    FAT DEPOSITION

    MUSCLE MASS

    BODY FAT CONTENT

    MUSCLE STRENGTH
    AGGRESIVENESS

    MUSCLE STRENGTH
    MILD TEMPERAMENT

    Demands Cellular and organ-system adjustments Metabolic Metabolic Thermal Respiratory Fluid Cardiovascular Endocrine

    Metabolic Changes

    Phosphagen System Glycogen-Lactic Acid System Oxidative System

    Phosphagen System (8-10 sec)

    Stored ATP (3 sec)


    ATP = adenosine ~ PO4- ~ PO4- ~ PO47300 calories 7300 calories

    ATP ADP + Pi

    ADP AMP + Pi

    Phosphocreatinine or Creatinephosphate (5-7 sec)


    Creatine ~ PO410,300 calories

    PCr + ADP ATP + Cr

    Glycogen-Lactic Acid System (1.3 to 1.6 minutes)


    O2 GLYCOGEN GLUCOSE ATP + LACTIC ACID ATP ATP + PYRUVIC ACID KREB CYCLE

    FATIGUE

    Aerobic System (Unlimited--nutrient)


    CARBOHYDRATES (glucose) PROTEINS (amino acid) FATS (fatty acid)

    OXYGEN

    ATP + CO2 + H2O

    Maximal rates of power generation


    (moles of ATP/min)

    Phosphagen system Glycogen-Lactic acid system Aerobic system

    4 moles of ATP/min 2.5 moles of ATP/min 1 mole of ATP/min

    Comparison for endurance


    Phosphagen system
    Glycogen-Lactic Acid System Aerobic System

    8 10 seconds
    1.3 1.6 minutes

    Unlimited (as long as nutrient lasts)

    Energy Systems Used in Various Sports

    Phosphagen System (almost entirely)


    100-meter dash Jumping Weight lifting Diving Football dashes

    Phosphagen and Glycogen-Lactic Acid System


    200-meter dash Basket ball Baseball home run Ice hockey dashes

    Glycogen-Lactic Acid System (mainly)


    400-meter dash 100-meter swim Tennis Soccer

    Glycogen-Lactic Acid System and Aerobic System


    800-meter dash 200-meter swim 1500-meter skating Boxing

    2000-meter rowing 1500-meterrun 1-mile run 400-meter swim

    Aerobic System

    10,000-meter skating Cross-country skiing Marathon run (26.2 miles, 42.2 km) Jogging

    Recovery of Muscle Metabolic System After Exercise

    Phosphocreatinine

    Stored ATP Phosphocreatine Stored ATP Glycogen-lactic acid system Phosphocreatine Stored ATP

    Glycogen-Lactic Acid System


    Aerobic System

    Removal of lactic acid


    converted to pyruvic acid reconverted to glucose in the liver

    High carbohydrate diet

    100 Percent carbohydrate usage

    Mixed diet High-fat diet

    75

    25 Percent fat usage

    50

    50

    25

    75

    0
    0 10 20 40 seconds 2 4 minutes 1 2 hours 3 4

    100

    Duration of exercise

    STORED OXYGEN (2 L)
    0.5 L 0.25 L 1L 0.3 L air in the lungs dissolved in the body fluids combined with hemoglobin combined with myoglobin

    Oxygen Debt (11.5 L) a) 2 liters (stored O2) b) 9 liters (metabolic recovery)

    Two Types of Muscle Fiber

    Slow Twitch Muscle Fiber

    Fast Twitch Muscle Fiber

    Slow Twitch Synonyms Velocity of Shortening Diameter Type I / Oxidative Red Muscle Slow / low Small

    Fast Twitch Type II / Glycolytic White Muscle Fast / high Large

    Source of energy
    Myoglobin Mitochondria Capillary density Resistance to fatigue Function

    Oxidative system
    Abundant Abundant greater Resistant Provide endurance

    Phosphagen/Glycolytic System
    Few Few Few Prone delivers power surge for few seconds to a minute

    Hereditary differences among athletes for fast-twitch versus slow-twitch muscle fibers Slow Twitch Marathoners Swimmers Average male Weight Lifters 82 74 45 45 Fast Twitch 18 26 55 55

    Sprinters
    Jumpers

    37
    37

    63
    63

    30

    Percent increase in strength

    25

    20

    15

    10

    Resistive training No load training

    0 0 2 4 6 8 10

    Weeks of training

    Respiratory Changes

    Increased O2 consumption

    Normal O2 consumption (at rest) = 250 ml/min During exercise 3600 ml/min 4000 ml/min 5100 ml/min

    Untrained average male Trained average male (athlete) Male marathon runner

    120

    100

    Total Ventilation (L/min)

    80

    60

    40 Moderate Severe exercise exercise

    20

    O2 Consumption (L/min)

    Increased Pulmonary Ventilation


    At maximal exercise 100 110 L/min Maximal breathing capacity 150 170 L/min
    Provides an element of safety for athletes Exercise at high altitude Exercise under very hot environment Abnormalities in the respiratory system

    Increased in VO2 Max

    rate of O2 usage under maximal aerobic metabolism. rate at whichO2 can diffuse from the pulmonary alveoli to the blood (ml/min/mmHg).

    Increased Oxygen Diffusing Capacity

    Cardiovascular Changes

    Increased muscular blood flow

    resting blood flow 3.6 ml/100g/min (2-4) during maximal exercise 90.0 ml/100g/min
    initially neurally mediated response

    Causes of increased blood flow

    Vasodilation (decreases vascular resistance)

    impulses in the sympathetic vasodilator system. decrease in tonic vasoconstrictive discharge local mechanism

    decrease PO2 (hypoxia) increase PCO2 (hypercapnea) accumulation of K+

    Blood flow occurs in between contractions

    > 10% of maximal tension


    - compresses blood vessels - decreases blood flow

    > 70% of maximal tension


    - blood flow completely stopped

    F =

    P / R

    CO X TPR SV X HR

    EDV - ESV

    Increased in stroke volume

    decreased in ESV

    increased sympathetic discharge increased cardiac contractility cardiac muscular hypertrophy

    Increased heart rate


    Increased sympathetic discharge Increased catecholamines Increased body heat

    Decreased total peripheral resistance

    Vasodilatation (muscles)

    Increased in heart rate Increased in stroke volume Increased in cardiac output Decreased total peripheral resistance Increased arterial blood pressure Increased in blood flow

    F = P / R CO X TPR SV X HR

    EDV - ESV

    Endocrine Changes

    Increased secretion of;


    Aldosterone Cortisol Catecholamines

    Thermal Changes

    Increased body heat

    BLOOD FLOW TO THE SKIN FROM THE DEEP TISSUES PROVIDES HEAT TRANSFER

    Rate of blood flow (0 30% of CO

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