Structure

Main Testing Points

Sentence Structure: - incomplete independent clauses
- incomplete adjective clauses
- incomplete/missing participial phrases
- incomplete/missing appositives
- incomplete adverb clauses
- incomplete noun clauses
- incomplete/missing prepositional phrases

Word Order: word order problems

Verbs and verbals: - verb problems

 Structure
Proper Style : - parallel structures
- misplaced modifiers

Word Choice: - incomplete/missing comparisons

- missing conjunctions
- missing negative words
 Sentence vs Clause
A sentence consists of one or more clauses.
A SIMPLE sentence consists of ONE clause.
People need vitamins.
A COMPOUND sentence consists of TWO or MORE independent clauses.
The man took a vitamin pill and then he went to bed.
A COMPLEX sentence consist of at least one independent clause (main clause) and
one or more dependent clauses (subordinate clauses).
The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold.
Mr. Collins is the man whose house I rented.
Although he earns a good salary, he never saves any money.
John said that he was not very well.
 Incomplete Independent Clauses
Crop rotation ________ of preserving soil fertility.
A. it is one method
B. one method
C. a method is one
D. is one method

______ who was elected the first woman mayor of Chicago in 1979.
E. It was Jane Byrne
F. Jane Byrne
G. That Jane Byrne
H. When Jane Byrne
 Incomplete Independent Clauses
Crop rotation ________ of preserving soil fertility.
A. it is one method
B. one method
C. a method is one
D. is one method

______ who was elected the first woman mayor of Chicago in 1979.
E. It was Jane Byrne
F. Jane Byrne
G. That Jane Byrne
H. When Jane Byrne
 Incomplete Adjective Clauses
In geometry, a tangent is a straight line ________ a curve at only one point.
A. it touches
B. whose touching
C. its touching
D. that touches

There are over 2,000 varieties of snakes, _______ are harmless to humans.
E. mostly they
F. most of them
G. most of which
H. which most
 Incomplete/Missing Participial Phrases
Aerodynamics is the study of the forces _____ on an object as it moves through the
atmosphere.
A. acting
B. act
C. are acting
D. acted

_____ in front of a camera lens changes the color of the light that reaches the film.
E. Placed a filter
F. A filter is placed
G. A filter placed
H. When a filter placed
 Incomplete/Missing Appositives
Oak, which is one of the most durable hard woods, is often used to make furniture.
Oak, one of the most durable hard woods, is often used to make furniture.

Norman Weiner, _____ mathematician and logician, had an important role in the
development of the computer.
A. who, as a
B. was a
C. whom a
D. a
 Incomplete Adverb Clauses
Adverb Clauses
The demand for economical cars increases when gasoline becomes more expensive.
Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.
Although nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.

______ together in one place, they form a community.

A. When people who live
B. When people living
C. Whenever people live
D. Whenever living people
 Incomplete Noun Clauses
Noun Clauses
I am sure that his office is in this building.
They do not know what her name is.
This is what you need.

When ______ is not known.

A. was the wheel invented
B. the invention of the wheel
C. inventing the wheel
D. the wheel was invented
 Incomplete/Missing Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
On a clear night, the unaided eye can see about 6,000 stars.

Dynamite is ordinarily detonated _____ called a blasting cap.

A. a device is used
B. that a device
C. with a device
D. the use of a device
 Word Order Problems
It is an extremely difficult question.
Never have I heard such beautiful music.
Only recently did she return from abroad.
Not once was he on time.

Seldom ____ more than 20 minutes a night.

A. sleep giraffes
B. do giraffes sleep
C. giraffes do sleep
D. giraffes sleep
 Verb Problems
A cupful of stagnant water may ____ millions of microorganisms.
A. contains B. to contain C. contain D. containing

In 1989, the space probe Voyager 2 ____ by the planet Neptune.

B. fly B. having flown C. flying D. flew

All animals ____ on other animals or plants.

C. feed B. feeds C. fed D. feeding

Chromium ____ in the manufacture of stainless steel.

A. using B. is used C. uses D. is using
 Incomplete/Missing Infinitive And Gerund Phrases
Power tools require careful handling ____ injuries.
A. by avoiding B. they avoid C. to avoid D. that avoid

An electromagnet is created ____ electrical current through a coil of wire.

B. by passing B. passes by C. to be passed D. passed

A crescent wrench has adjustable jaws for ____ a nut, bolt, or pipe.
C. to grip B. they grip C. gripping D. gripped

Some people believe that the crystals of certain minerals ____ curative powers.
A. have B. having C. that have D. to have
 Parallel Structures
Insects provide many beneficial services, such as ____, breaking down dead wood,
and pollinating plants.
A. they condition soils
B. to condition soil
C. conditioning the soil
D. soil conditioned

Frozen orange juice must be packed, ____, and stored when the fruit is ripe.
E. be frozen
F. must be frozen
G. frozen
H. it must be frozen
 Misplaced Modifiers
Rich and distinctive in flavour, ____
A. there is in the United States a very important nut crop, the pecan
B. the most important nut crop in the United States, the pecan
C. farmers in the United States raise pecan, a very important nut crop
D. pecans are the most important nut crop in the United States

Unlike most birds, ____

E. the heads and necks of vultures lack feathers
F. feathers are not found on the heads and necks of vultures
G. vultures do not have feathers on their heads and necks
H. there are no feathers on vultures’ heads and necks
 Incomplete/Missing Comparisons
Sea bass ____ freshwater bass.
A. are larger than C. are as large
B. are larger the D. are larger

_____ the diameter of a circle, the larger its circumference is.

C. Greater than C. Great as
D. The greater D. As great as

The social system of bumblebees is not as complex ____.

E. than honeybees C. as honeybees
F. that honeybees are D. as that of honeybees
 Error Identification
1. Latex rubber is made from a milky substantial in plants and trees of the sapodilla
A B C D
family
2. The sate of New Mexico is not densely population, with an average of only four
A B C
people per square kilometer.
D
3. Those who had purchased tickets was instructed to go to gate one immediately.
A B C D
4. Neither the students nor the teacher are going to the international seminar on
A B C D
science
 Error Identification
5. Everyone in the office complains that he smells awful, or nobody dares mention
A B C
it to him.
D
6. The grizzly bear, which can grow up to eight feet tall, has been called a more
A B C D
dangerous animal of the North America.

7. If my apartment had been larger, I would not have to move.

A B C D

8. Only under unusual circumstances federal officials are impeached.

A B C D
 Error Identification
9. One of the students is not really looking forward to going to that place.
A B C D

10. Despite of the rainy days, the teacher usually lets her play outside.
A B C D
 TIPS UNTUK MENGERJAKAN STRUKTUR
Secara umum
Biasakan diri Anda dengan petunjuk untuk Struktur. Segera setelah bagian ini
dimulai, klik Dismiss Directions.
• Anda dapat menghabiskan rata-rata 45 detik untuk setiap item. Jika suatu item
tampak sulit, hilangkan item yang tidak mungkin dan buat tebakan terbaik yang
Anda bisa. Jangan menghabiskan terlalu banyak waktu untuk mengerjakan item
yang menurut Anda sulit.
• Jangan pernah menjawab item apapun terlalu cepat, meskipun kelihatannya
mudah. Selalu pertimbangkan keempat pilihan jawaban. Sangat mudah untuk
membuat kesalahan dalam Struktur karena kecerobohan.
• Lakukan langkah hati-hati melalui bagian ini dengan memperhatikan indikator
Sisa Waktu dan indikator nomor item. Jangan bekerja terlalu lambat sehingga
masih akan ada masalah yang belum terjawab ketika waktu berakhir, tetapi jangan
bekerja terlalu cepat sehingga Anda selesai jauh sebelum waktu berakhir
 Melengkapi kalimat
• Jika pilihan jawabannya pendek, lihatlah sebelum Anda membaca kalimatnya.
Cobalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang jenis masalah yang sedang Anda
tangani.
• Baca kalimatnya, coba tentukan elemen mana yang hilang. Jangan pernah
memilih jawaban sampai Anda membaca seluruh kalimat; terkadang jawaban akan
tampak pas sampai Anda membaca beberapa kata terakhir dari kalimat tersebut.
• Tandai pilihan Anda segera jika jawabannya jelas. Jika Anda tidak yakin, cobalah
untuk menghilangkan jawaban yang salah.
• Bacalah kalimat dengan pilihan jawaban yang tersisa di tempat yang kosong. Pilih
opsi yang terdengar paling baik.
• Hemat waktu Anda dengan mengklik jawaban itu sendiri, bukan pada oval.
• Jika Anda masih tidak dapat memutuskan jawaban, tebak dan lanjutkan.
 Identifikasi Kesalahan
• Skim setiap kalimat, mencari kesalahan yang jelas.
• Jika Anda belum menemukan kesalahannya, baca kembali kalimat
tersebut dengan seksama, konsentrasi pada bagian yang digarisbawahi.
Periksa daftar jenis kesalahan yang paling umum (bentuk kata, pilihan
kata, dan kesalahan kata kerja) untuk melihat apakah ada ekspresi yang
digarisbawahi yang tampaknya termasuk dalam kategori tersebut.
• Jika Anda masih tidak dapat menemukan kesalahan, coba hilangkan
opsi yang tampaknya benar. Jika lebih dari satu opsi tersisa, tebak dan
lanjutkan.
• Pastikan bahwa semua soal dapat dijawab, sekalipun hanya dengan
menebak. Jawaban yang salah TIDAK MENGURANGI nilai.