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35 views23 pages

ch3 2-2

Uploaded by

Ethan Samson
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3

Data and Signals

3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3-4 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

Signals travel through transmission media, which are not


perfect. The imperfection causes signal impairment. This
means that the signal at the beginning of the medium is
not the same as the signal at the end of the medium.
What is sent is not what is received. Three causes of
impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.

Topics discussed in this section:


 Attenuation
 Distortion
 Noise

3.2
Figure 3.25 Causes of impairment

3.3
3.4
Attenuation

 Means loss of energy -> weaker signal


 When a signal travels through a
medium it loses energy overcoming the
resistance of the medium
 Amplifiers are used to compensate for
this loss of energy by amplifying the
signal.

3.5
Measurement of Attenuation

 To show the loss or gain of energy the


unit “decibel” is used.

dB = 10log10P2/P1
P1 - input signal
P2 - output signal

3.6
Figure 3.26 Attenuation

3.7
Example 3.26

Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium


and its power is reduced to one-half. This means that P 2
is (1/2)P1. In this case, the attenuation (loss of power)
can be calculated as

A loss of 3 dB (–3 dB) is equivalent to losing one-half


the power.
3.8
Example 3.27

A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is


increased 10 times. This means that P2 = 10P1 . In this
case, the amplification (gain of power) can be calculated
as

3.9
Example 3.28

One reason that engineers use the decibel to measure the


changes in the strength of a signal is that decibel
numbers can be added (or subtracted) when we are
measuring several points (cascading) instead of just two.
In Figure 3.27 a signal travels from point 1 to point 4. In
this case, the decibel value can be calculated as

3.10
Figure 3.27 Decibels for Example 3.28

3.11
Example 3.29

Sometimes the decibel is used to measure signal power


in milliwatts. In this case, it is referred to as dBm and is
calculated as dBm = 10 log10 Pm , where Pm is the power
in milliwatts. Calculate the power of a signal with dB m =
−30.

Solution
We can calculate the power in the signal as

3.12
Example 3.30

The loss in a cable is usually defined in decibels per


kilometer (dB/km). If the signal at the beginning of a
cable with −0.3 dB/km has a power of 2 mW, what is the
power of the signal at 5 km?
Solution
The loss in the cable in decibels is 5 × (−0.3) = −1.5 dB.
We can calculate the power as

3.13
3.14
Distortion
 Means that the signal changes its form or
shape
 Distortion occurs in composite signals
 Each frequency component has its own
propagation speed traveling through a
medium.
 The different components therefore arrive
with different delays at the receiver.
 That means that the signals have different
phases at the receiver than they did at the
source.
3.15
Figure 3.28 Distortion

3.16
3.17
Noise
 There are different types of noise
 Thermal - random noise of electrons in the wire
creates an extra signal
 Induced - from motors and appliances, devices act are
transmitter antenna and medium as receiving antenna.
 Crosstalk - Crosstalk in data communication refers to
the undesired electromagnetic or acoustic coupling
between adjacent communication channels. It occurs
when signals from one channel interfere with signals
on another channel, leading to signal distortion or
degradation in the quality of the communication.
Impulse - Spikes that result from power lines, lighning,
etc.
3.18
Figure 3.29 Noise

3.19
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

 To measure the quality of a system the


SNR is often used. It indicates the
strength of the signal wrt the noise
power in the system.
 It is the ratio between two powers.
 It is usually given in dB and referred to
as SNRdB.

3.20
Example 3.31

The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the


noise is 1 μW; what are the values of SNR and SNRdB ?

Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as
follows:

3.21
Example 3.32

The values of SNR and SNRdB for a noiseless channel


are

We can never achieve this ratio in real life; it is an ideal.

3.22
Figure 3.30 Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR

3.23

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