Psychrometrics

2
Air temperature Relative humidity Air movement

Air quality (IAQ) Surface temperatures

Acoustics
Lighting
•quality
•quantity
Security

Building Envelop -The Third Skin

The 3rd. skin moderates the differences between the

Environmental factors

Personal factors

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 Psychrometrics

It involves determination of thermodynamic
properties of gas-vapor mixtures.

The most common applications are
associated with the air-water vapor system.
Properties of dry air

Composition of air
composition % by volume
Nitrogen 78.08400
Oxygen 20.94760
Argon 0.934000
Carbon dioxide 0.031400
Neon 0.001818
Helium 0.000524
Others (methane, sulfur 0.000658
dioxide, hydrogen, krypton และ xenon)
Properties of dry air

Molecular weight = 28.9645

Gas constant for dry air = 287.055 m 3Pa/kg.K
 Specific volume V’a = RaTA
Pa

Specific heat (average) = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
 Enthalpy = Ha = 1.005 (Ta-To) kJ/kg

Dry bulb temperature = temperature indicated
by unmodified sensor
Properties of water vapor

Molecular weight = 18.01534

Gas constant for dry air = 461.52 m3Pa/kg.K
 Specific volume V’w = RwTA
Pw

Specific heat (average) = 1.88 kJ/kg.K
 Enthalpy = Hw = 2501.4 + 1.88 (Ta-To) kJ/kg
Properties of air-vapor mixtures

Gibbs-Dalton Law
pB = p a + p w
where pB = total pressure
pa = partial pressure of dry air
pw = partial pressure of water vapor
Dew-point temperature

The water vapor in the air will be saturated
when air is at a temperature equal to the
saturation temperature corresponding to the
partial pressure exerted by the water vapor.

This temperature is called dew-point
temperature.
Gas-Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning

 Dry and Atmospheric Air

Specific and Relative
Humidity
 Dew-Point Temperature
Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-
Bulb Temperatures
 The Psychrometric Chart
 Cooling Systems

11
 NEBB stands for
National Environmental B
alancing Bureau
, a non-profit organization
that maintains uniform
standards for the testing,
adjusting and balancing
of environmental systems.
NEBB certifies the firms
and personnel who
The American Society of perform such work.
Heating, Refrigerating (1971)
and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) -
1894
 STANDARDS FOR
INSTRUMENTS AND
CALIBRATION
Display Resolution -50ºC~199.9ºC: 0.1ºC
Accuracy -50ºC~1000ºC(±0.3% rdg + 1ºC)

±0.2°C from -50 to

+100°C ±0.2% from
reading from +100 to
+250°C

Temperature Measuring range: -50℃

- 70℃ (-58℉-158℉)
Resolution: 0.1℃(>-20℃),1℃( ＜ -
20℃)
Accuracy : ±1℃
2/10/2017

Dry and Atmospheric Air
The Cp of Air


(fig. 13-1)

22
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998

The enthalpy change of dry air during a
process can be determined from


The atmospheric air can be treated as an
ideal-gas mixture whose pressure is the sum
of the partial pressure of dry air Pa and that of
the water vapor Pv,

P = P a + Pv

23
Heat and Temperature Behavior in Superheated
Vapor Region of Water
At temperatures below 50•C, the h = constant lines
coincide with the T = constant lines in the
superheated region of water

24

The enthalpy of water vapor in the air can be taken to be equal to the enthalpy of the saturated
vapor at the same temperature:


in the temperature range - 10 to 50oC (15 to 120oF).

25
Determining the hg of Water


(Fig. 13-3)

26

Specific and Relative Humidity

The mass of water vapor present in 1 unit
mass of dry air is called the specific or
absolute humidity,

where P is the total pressure of air and Pv is

the vapor pressure.

There is a limit on the amount of vapor the air
can hold at a given temperature. Air that is
holding as much moisture as it can is called
saturated air.
27
 The ratio of the amount of moisture air holds (mv)
to the maximum amount of moisture air can hold
at the same temperature (mg) is called the relative
humidity

where Pg = Psat @ T

28
For Saturated Air, Vapor Pressure is Equal to the
Saturated Pressure of Water


(Fig. 13-4)

29

In this topic we discussed the air-water-vapor
mixture, which is the most commonly
encountered gas-vapor mixture in practice.
The air in the atmosphere normally contains
some water vapor, and it is referred to as
atmospheric air. By contrast, air that contains
no water vapor is called dry air.

In the temperature range encountered in air-
conditioning applications, both the dry air and
the water vapor can be treated as ideal gases.

30

The relative and specific humidities can also
be expressed as
P 0.622 Pv
 ; and  
0.622  Pg P  Pv
Relative humidity ranges from o for dry air to 1
for saturated air.

The enthalpy of atmospheric air is expressed
per unit mass of dry air, instead of per unit
mass of the air-water-vapor mixture, as

31
Expressing the Enthalpy of Moist Air
The enthalpy of moist (atmospheric) air is expressed
per unit mass of dry air, not per unit mass of moist
air

32

Dew-Point Temperature

The ordinary temperature of atmospheric air is
referred to as the dry-bulb temperature to
differentiate it from other forms of
temperatures

The temperature at which condensation
begins if the air is cooled at constant pressure
is called the dew-point temperature TdP:

Tdp = Tsat @ Pv

33
 Mold Can Damage A House

What Causes Moisture Problems?

Moisture problems occur when excess moisture
accumulates or becomes trapped in a part of a building that
should be dry. They can occur in just about any building, new
or old, and can lead to costly building damage. In hospitals,
health and infection control risks are also a major concern.
Moisture problems usually occur because of poor design,
faulty construction practices, or improper maintenance. Poor
decisions at any one of these stages can lead to moisture
34
problems.
Moist Air Constant-Pressure Cooling and Dew-
Point Temperature on T-s Diagram of Water


(Fig. 13-8)

35
36
37
 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperature
Adiabatic Saturation Process and its Representation
on a T-s Diagram

Liquid water

38

Relative humidity and specific humidity of air
can be determined by measuring the adiabatic
saturation temperature of air, which is the
temperature the air attains after flowing over
water in a long channel until it is saturated,

C p T2  T1   2 h fg 2 0.622Pg 2
1  where 2 
hg 1  h f 2 P2  Pg 2

and T2 is the adiabatic saturation temperature.

39

A more practical approach to determining the
properties of air in air-conditioning
applications is to use a thermometer whose
bulb is covered with a cotton wick saturated
with water and to blow air over the wick. The
temperature measured in this manner is called
the wet-bulb temperature Twb, and it is used in
place of the adiabatic saturation temperature.

40
 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperature
Schematic for
Psychrometric Chart

Sling Psychrometer
41
To condense moisture out of the air, the air must
be cooled below its dew point.

80ºF / 27ºC
Ambient
65ºF / 40ºF / 4ºC
18.4ºC
Water
Water

No condensation
Condensation means moisture removal
Psychrometric Charts
1. Make sure chart is appropriate
for your environment
2. Figure out what two quantities
you know
3. Understand their slopes on the
chart
4. Find the intersection
 Watch for saturation

The properties of atmospheric air at a
specified total pressure are presented in the
form of easily readable charts, called
psychrometric charts. The lines of constant
enthalpy and the lines of constant wet-bulb
temperature are very nearly parallel on these
charts.

53
Dry-Bulb, Wet-Bulb, and Dew-Point Temperatures
Identical for Saturated Air
Quality is related to the horizontal differences of
P-V and T-v diagrams

54

The needs of the human body and the conditions
of the environment are not quite compatible.
Therefore, it often becomes necessary to change
the conditions of a living space to make it more
comfortable. Maintaining a living space or an
industrial facility at the desired temperature and
humidity may require simple heating (raising the
temperature), simple cooling (lowering the
temperature), humidifying (adding moisture), or
dehumidifying (removing moisture). Sometimes
two or more of these processes are needed to
bring the air to the desired temperature and
humidity level.

55
Various Air-Conditioning Processes


(Fig. 13-20)

56
The psychrometric
chart
Charts the combined affects of air
temperature and moisture content

Change in quantity of water in the air

Change in quantity of water in the air
Dry Bulb Temperature Reading
Psychrometric Chart
Definition of Relative Humidity
The amount of moisture in the air
expressed as a percentage of the
maximum amount of moisture the air can
hold at the given temperature.
Example: at dry bulb temp. of 77 and wet
bulb temp. of 63, the air is holding 50% of
it’s maximum capacity at 77 degrees.

Enter wet bulb reading

50% RH

Enter dry bulb reading

 Adding
moisture

cooling warming

drying
Energy efficient zones
Winter: higher humidity off-sets
lower furnace thermostat setting

Summer: lower humidity off-sets

higher AC thermostat setting

Adding
moisture
Winter
Cool &
Humid

cooling warming

Warm &
Dry

drying
Summer
The saturation curve

Air is 100% saturated

with moisture and
condensation begins
50% RH
 What if cooling
continues ?

Air is 100% saturated

with moisture and
continues to cool

50% RH
Moisture removed
by condensation
 Air is 100% saturated
with moisture and
continues to cool

50% RH
Moisture removed
by condensation

Same air is reheated to 70 degrees

and no moisture added – RH of the
room goes down (dryer)
Chart Exercises
What is the RH in the classroom?
Dry bulb ________
Wet bulb _________

Change in quantity of water in the air

Change in quantity of water in the air
RH = _________

Dry Bulb Temperature Reading

Chart Exercises
Based on the current room RH, how
cool would the walls need to get to
start noticing condensation ?
Dry bulb ________

Change in quantity of water in the air

Change in quantity of water in the air
Wet bulb _________
RH = _________

Dry Bulb Temperature Reading

Chart Exercises
Assume the room is at pt. “A” when class
begin and we are comfortable, which
direction would room condition tend to
move toward as a response to our presents
?

Mechanically: (Summer)
we need to (add or remove heat)
we need to (add or remove moisture)
C

D
A - Room starts out
E here
Dehumidification by
Cooling
Dehumidification by
Cooling
 Sensible heating

Q  m c p t
 Sensible heating

Q  m c p t

Most air-conditioning processes can be modeled
as steady-flow processes, and therefore they can
be analyzed by applying the steady-flow mass (for
both dry air and water) and energy balances,

Dry air mass:

Water mass:

Energy:

where subscripts i and e denote inlet and exit

states, respectively. The changes in kinetic and
potential energies are assumed to be negligible.
72
 Cooling Systems

During a simple heating or cooling process
(T2 >Tdp,1), the specific humidity remains
constant, but the temperature and the relative
humidity change.

Sometimes air is humidified after it is heated,
and some cooling processes include
dehumidification (T2 <Tdp,1). In dry climates, the
air can be cooled via evaporative cooling by
passing it through a section where it is
sprayed with water.

73
Evaporative Cooling
At a given P and T, a pure substance will exist as a
compressed liquid if T<T sat @ P

74
Mixing Airstreams Adiabatically
When two airstreams at
states 1 and 2 are mixed
adiabatically, the state of
the mixture lies on the
straight line connecting the
two states

m a1 2  3

m a 2 3  1
h2  h3

h3  h1

75
An Induced-Draft Counterflow Cooling Tower

76
A Natural-Draft Cooling Tower


(fig. 13-32)

77
A Spray Pond


In locations with limited water supply, large
amounts of waste heat can be rejected to the
atmosphere with minimum water loss through the
use of cooling towers.

78
Psychrometric
charts
85
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