Starting to Program – An

Introduction to Assembler
Chapter Four

Dr. Gheith Abandah 1

 Outline
• Introduction
• The PIC 16 Series Instruction Set
• Byte-oriented file register operations
• Bit-oriented file register operations
• Literal and control operations
• Instruction Formats
• Operation Types
• MPASM Assembler
• Example
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 Introduction
Micro-controller Programming Options:

1. Machine Code
00 0111 0001 0101
2. Assembly Language: needs an assembler
addwf NUM, w
3. High-Level Language: needs a compiler
for (i=0; i<10; i++) sum += a[i];

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Development Process

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ALU Data Flow

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 The PIC 16 Series Instruction Set
• 35 instructions
• Three Groups:
1. Byte-oriented file register operations
2. Bit-oriented file register operations
3. Literal and control operations
• Operation Types:
– Arithmetic – Logic
– Data movement – Control
– Misc
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 1. Byte-oriented file register
operations
• Format: op f, d
– op: operation
– f: number of file or register
– d: destination (0: working register, 1: file register)
• Example:
addwf PORTA, 0
Adds the contents of the working register and
register PORTA, puts the result in the working
register.
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 2. Bit-oriented file register
operations
• Format: op f, b
– op: operation
– f: number of file or register
– b: bit number, 0 through 7
• Example:
bsf STATUS, 5
Sets to 1 Bit 5 of register STATUS.

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 3. Literal and control operations
• Format: op k
– op: operation
– k: literal, an 8-bit if data or 11-bit if address
• Examples:
addlw 5
Adds to the working register the value 5.
call 9
Calls the subroutine at address 9.
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Instruction
Formats

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 Arithmetic Operations
Status
Mnemonic Operands Description Cycles
Affected
ADDWF f, d Add W and f 1 C,DC,Z
COMF f, d Complement f 1 Z
DECF f, d Decrement f 1 Z
INCF f, d Increment f 1 Z
SUBWF f, d Subtract W from f 1 C,DC,Z
ADDLW k Add literal and W 1 C,DC,Z
SUBLW k Subtract W from literal 1 C,DC,Z

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 Logic Operations
Status
Mnemonic Operands Description Cycles
Affected
ANDWF f, d AND W with f 1 Z
IORWF f, d Inclusive OR W with f 1 Z
XORWF f, d Exclusive OR W with f 1 Z
ANDLW k AND literal with W 1 Z
IORLW k Inclusive OR literal with W 1 Z
XORLW k Exclusive OR literal with W 1 Z

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 Data Movement Operations
Status
Mnemonic Operands Description Cycles
Affected
MOVF f, d Move f 1 Z
MOVWF f Move W to f 1
SWAPF f, d Swap nibbles in f 1
MOVLW k Move literal to W 1

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 Control Operations
Status
Mnemonic Operands Description Cycles
Affected
DECFSZ f, d Decrement f, Skip if 0 1 (2)
INCFSZ f, d Increment f, Skip if 0 1 (2)
BTFSC f, b Bit Test f, Skip if Clear 1 (2)
BTFSS f, b Bit Test f, Skip if Set 1 (2)
CALL k Call subroutine 2
GOTO k Go to address 2
RETFIE - Return from interrupt 2
RETLW k Return with literal in W 2
RETURN - Return from Subroutine 2
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 Miscellaneous Operations
Status
Mnemonic Operands Description Cycles
Affected
CLRF f Clear f 1 Z
CLRW - Clear W 1 Z
NOP - No Operation 1
Rotate Left f through
RLF f, d 1 C
Carry
Rotate Right f through
RRF f, d 1 C
Carry
BCF f, b Bit Clear f 1
BSF f, b Bit Set f 1
CLRWDT - Clear Watchdog Timer 1 TO',PD'
SLEEP - Go into standby mode 1 TO',PD'
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Assembler Format

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 Assembler Directives
Assembler
Summary of action
directive
list Implement a listing option
#include Include additional source file
org Set program origin
Define an assembly constant; this
equ
allows us to assign a value to a label
end End program block
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Number Representation in MPASM
Radix Example
Decimal D’255’
Hexadecimal H’8d’ or 0x8d
Octal O’574’
Binary B’01011100’
ASCII ‘G’ or A’G’

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Example: move push button to LED

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 Example – Page 1
;***************************************************
;ELECTRONIC PING-PONG DATA MOVE
;This program moves push button switch values from
;Port A to the leds on Port B
;TJW 21.2.05 Tested 22.2.05
;***************************************************
;
;Configuration Word: WDT off, power-up timer on,
; code protect off, RC oscillator
;
list p=16F84A

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 Example – Page 2
;
;specify SFRs
status equ 03
porta equ 05
trisa equ 05
portb equ 06
trisb equ 06
;

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 Example – Page 3
;
org 00
;Initialise
start bsf status,5 ;select memory bank 1
movlw B’00011000’
movwf trisa ;set port A direction
movlw 00
movwf trisb ;all port B bits output
bcf status,5 ;select bank 0

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 Example – Page 4
;
;The "main" program starts here
clrf porta ;clear all bits in ports
A
loop movf porta,0 ;move port A to W
register
movwf portb ;move W register to port
B
goto loop
end

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 Summary
• Assembler is a programming language that is part of the toolset
used in embedded systems programming. It comes with its own
distinct set of rules and techniques.
• It is essential to adopt and learn an IDE when developing
programs. The MPLAB IDE is an excellent tool for PIC
microcontrollers, both for learners and professionals. And it
can’t be beaten on price!
• While some people are eager to get programs into the
hardware immediately, it is extremely useful to learn the
features of a simulator. The simulator in MPLAB allows the user
to test program features with great speed, and is an invaluable
learning tool.

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