Basic SPSS

Introduction and Basic
concepts of SPSS
Shah Faisal., Pharm-D., MS
1
 Introduction
 SPSS interface:
 Data view and Variable view
 Types of variable and scale of measurement
 How to transform the variable
Contents  How to filter the data
 How to check correct entry of the data
 Checking data normality
 Test used after checking normality
 checking data reliability and validity
 Descriptive statistics
2
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
 IBM® SPSS® Statistics is a powerful statistical software

platform.
 One of the most popular statistical packages which can perform
highly complex data manipulation and analysis with simple
instructions
 Advanced statistical procedures help ensure high accuracy and
quality decision making.
Why SPSS?
Easy to use
 Prepare and analyze data easily
Integrated with open source

 Enhance SPSS syntax with R and Python using a library of
extensions or by building your own.
Comprehensive
 Run advanced and descriptive statistics, regression analysis,
decision trees, and more
SPSS interface
 Data view
 The place to enter data
 Columns: variables
 Rows: records or cases
 Variable view
 The place to enter variables
 List of all variables
 Characteristics of all variables
5
Columns:
variables
Rows:
cases
7
variable name
Description of variable values nominal,
Type: numeric variable ordinal, scale
or string
Variable types
 1. Numeric variables contain only numbers and are suitable for

numeric calculations such as addition and multiplication.
 2. String variables may contain letters, numbers and other characters.

You can't do calculations on string variables -even if they contain only
numbers.
Types of Data and scale of measurement
Four scales of measurement
1. Nominal scale of measurement
The nominal scale defines the identity property of data. The data can
be placed into categories but can’t be multiplied, divided, added or
subtracted from one another.
 Examples of nominal data include
 Gender (male, female)
 cold, warm, hot and very hot
 Dichotomous: “Yes’ and ‘No’.
2. Ordinal scale of measurement
 The ordinal scale defines data that is placed in a specific order.
Ranks
 An example of this kind of data would include satisfaction data points in a survey,
where ‘one = happy, two = neutral, and three = unhappy.’
 Agree, strongly agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree
3. Interval scale of measurement
 The interval scale contains properties of nominal and ordered data,
but the difference between data points can be quantified.
 This scale is used to quantify the difference between variables
 This type of data shows both the order of the variables and the
exact differences between the variables.
 The difference on the scale between 10 and 20 degrees is the same
between 20 and 30 degrees.
4. Ratio scale of measurement
 Ratio scales of measurement include properties from all four scales of

measurement. The data is nominal and defined by an identity, can be
classified in order, contains intervals and can be broken down into exact
value.
 Weight, height and distance
Data entry
Note:
 Record the labels in your record book i.e. If you use 1 for male
and 2 for female record it.
 Always make copies of your SPSS original file
Data View
Variable View
How to check correct entry of the data
 After entering the data we need to check the data to make sure
that the data is entered correctly and detect the missing values.
 Very simple step, no need to check all the data manually.
 To check the data we just need to run the frequencies to check
that the data is correct and we have no missing values (Direct
from SPSS file)
Transforming variable
 some time we need to transform the variable to do
some changes or add new value or make categories etc
 Can record changes in the same variable
 Can record into a different variable
Data filtering
 Sometimes we need to filter the data to do analysis for a specific
variable.
For example if we have to groups 1. Intervention group 2. control group
and we want to analyze the data for group 1only, we need to filter that
data rather than making a new SPSS file.
 Interventional studies.
 Randomized control trials
 Time series data
 Comparative studies etc
Normality test
 After frequencies we need to check the data normality to

determine the further analysis.
 Tests used to check data normality
 Skewness and Kurtosis
 Kolmogorov-Smirnov
 Shapiro-wilk
Skewness and
Kurtosis value
= -2 to +2
If the significance value of Kolmogorov-Smirno and Shapiro-
wilk is more than 0.05 it means that the data is normal
Test to be performed after normality test
 based on the normality test if the data is normal we will perform
parametric tests if the data is not normal then we will conduct
Nonparametric test (N-Par).
Parametric tests
Internal consistency (Reliability)
 Cronbach's alpha is the most common measure of internal consistency.

 To asses how closely related a set of items are as a group.
 It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability.
 It is most commonly used when you have multiple Likert questions in a
survey/questionnaire that form a scale and you wish to determine if the scale is
reliable.
 A general accepted rule is that α of 0.6-0.7 indicates an acceptable level
of reliability, and 0.8 or greater a very good level.
 However, values higher than 0.95 are not necessarily good, since they
might be an indication of redundance.
THANK YOU

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Introduction and Basic

 IBM® SPSS® Statistics is a powerful statistical software

Integrated with open source

 1. Numeric variables contain only numbers and are suitable for

 2. String variables may contain letters, numbers and other characters.

 Ratio scales of measurement include properties from all four scales of

 After frequencies we need to check the data normality to

 Cronbach's alpha is the most common measure of internal consistency.

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