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Lec 04

The document provides a recap of various number systems including 32-bit and 64-bit floating point numbers, hexadecimal, octal, binary coded decimal, excess code, Gray code, and ASCII alphanumeric codes. It discusses representation of numbers in these systems, conversion between number bases, arithmetic operations, error detection using parity bits, and applications of different coding schemes.

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31 views41 pages

Lec 04

The document provides a recap of various number systems including 32-bit and 64-bit floating point numbers, hexadecimal, octal, binary coded decimal, excess code, Gray code, and ASCII alphanumeric codes. It discusses representation of numbers in these systems, conversion between number bases, arithmetic operations, error detection using parity bits, and applications of different coding schemes.

Uploaded by

bivaye4887
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture No.

4
Number Systems
32-bit f.p. number (recap)

 32-bit Floating point format


 Sign bit 1
 Exponent bits 8
 Mantissa bits 23
 Exponent represented as Biased 127
Range of f.p. numbers (recap)

 Largest positive/negative number


 2127

 Smallest positive/negative number


 2-126

 The number Zero


 Exponent = 00000000 Mantissa = 000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000
 The number infinite
 Exponent = 11111111 Mantissa = 000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000
Arithmetic operations on floating point numbers

 Addition
 Adding mantissas after adjusting exponents

 Subtraction
 Subtracting mantissas after adjusting

exponents
 Multiplication
 Multiplying mantissas and adding exponents

 Division
 Dividing mantissas and subtracting exponents
64-bit f.p. number (recap)

 64-bit Double-Precision floating Point format


 Sign bit 1
 Exponent bits 11
 Mantissa bits 52
 Exponent represented as Biased 1023
f.p. numbers (recap)

 How do systems differentiate between number


representations?
 Defining and Declaring Data Types.
Hexadecimal Numbers (recap)

 Hexadecimal Number System


 Base 16 number system

 0 to F

 Used to represent large binary numbers


Counting in Hexadecimal (recap)

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

0 0000 0 8 1000 8
1 0001 1 9 1001 9
2 0010 2 10 1010 A
3 0011 3 11 1011 B
4 0100 4 12 1100 C
5 0101 5 13 1101 D
6 0110 6 14 1110 E
7 0111 7 15 1111 F
Binary-Hexadecimal conversion (recap)

 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion


 11010110101110010110

 1101 0110 1011 1001 0110

 D 6 B 9 6
 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
 FD13

 1111 1101 0001 0011


Hexadecimal-decimal conversion (recap)

 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion


 Indirect Method
 Hexadecimal →Binary → Decimal

 Sum-of-Weights
Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion (recap)

 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion


 Indirect Method
 Decimal →Binary → Hexadecimal

 Repeated Division by 16
Hexadecimal Arithmetic (recap)

 Hexadecimal Addition
 Carry generated

 Hexadecimal Subtraction
 Borrow weight 16
Octal Number System

 Base 8
 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Representing Binary in compact form
 1101100000110 = 15406
2 8

 Not commonly used in the presence of


Hexadecimal Number System
Counting in Octal

 Octal digit represented by a 3-bit binary


 Decimal 8 represented by 2-digit Octal
Counting in Octal

Decimal Binary Octal


0 000 0
1 001 1
2 010 2
3 011 3
4 100 4
5 101 5
6 110 6
7 111 7
Counting in Octal

Decimal Octal Decimal Octal Decimal Octal


8 10 16 20 24 30
9 11 17 21 25 31
10 12 18 22 26 32
11 13 19 23 27 33
12 14 20 24 28 34
13 15 21 25 29 35
14 16 22 26 30 36
15 17 23 27 31 37
Binary-Octal Conversion

 Binary to Octal Conversion


 Octal to Binary Conversion
Octal-Decimal Conversion

 Octal to Decimal Conversion


 Indirect Method
 Octal →Binary → Decimal

 Sum-of-Weights
Decimal-Octal Conversion

 Decimal to Octal Conversion


 Indirect Method
 Decimal →Binary → Octal

 Repeated Division by 8
Octal Addition & Subtraction

 Octal Addition
 Carry generated

 Octal Subtraction
 Borrow weight 8
Binary to Octal Conversion

 011010110101110010110
 011 010 110 101 110 010 110
 3 2 6 5 6 2 6

 1011011101001
 1 011 011 101 001
 001 011 011 101 001
 1 3 3 5 1
Octal to Binary Conversion

 1726
 001 111 010 110
Sum-of-Weights

4037
(4 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (3 x 81) + (7 x 80)
(4 x 512) + (0 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (7 x 1)
2048 + 0 + 24 + 7
2079
Repeated Division by 8

Number Quotient Remainder


2079 259 7 (O0)
259 32 3 (O1)
8 4 0 (O2)
4 0 4 (O3)
Octal Addition

Carry 1
7602
+ 4771
14573
Octal Subtraction

Borrow 11
7602
- 4771
2611
Alternate Representations

 Excess Code
 BCD Code
 Gray Code
Excess Code

 A bias is added to Binary Code


 Used by floating point numbers
Excess-8 Code

Decimal 2’s Excess-8 Decimal 2’s Excess-8


Comp. Comp.
0 0000 1000 -8 1000 0000
1 0001 1001 -7 1001 0001
2 0010 1010 -6 1010 0010
3 0011 1011 -5 1011 0011
4 0100 1100 -4 1100 0100
5 0101 1101 -3 1101 0101
6 0110 1110 -2 1110 0110
7 0111 1111 -1 1111 0111
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Code

 Binary Code to represent decimal digits 0-9


 Used by Decimal Number Displays
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Code

Decimal BCD Decimal BCD


0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001
BCD Addition

23 0010 0011
45 0100 0101
68 0110 1000

23 0010 0011
49 0100 1001
72 0110 1100
 1100 is illegal BCD number
BCD Addition

 Add a 0110 (6) to an invalid BCD number


 Carry added to the most significant BCD digit

23 0010 0011
49 0100 1001
72 0110 1100
0110
0111 0010
Gray Code

 Binary Code more than 1 bit change


 Electromechanical applications of digital
systems restrict bit change to 1
 Shaft encoders

 Braking Systems

 Un-Weighted Code
Gray Code

Decimal Gray Binary


0 000 000
1 001 001
2 011 010
3 010 011
4 110 100
5 111 101
6 101 110
7 100 111
Gray Code Application

A A
B B
C C

Binary Gray Code


Alphanumeric Code

 Numbers, Characters, Symbols


 ASCII 7-bit Code
 American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
 10 Numbers (0-9)
 26 Lower Case Characters (a-z)
 26 Upper Case Characters (A-Z)
 32 Control Characters
 Punctuation and Symbols
Alphanumeric Code

 Extended ASCII 8-bit Code


 Additional 128 Graphic characters
 Unicode 16-bit Code
ASCII Code

 Numbers 0 to 9
 ASCII 0110000 (30h) to 0111001 (39h)
 Alphabets a to z
 ASCII 1100001 (61h) to 1111010 (7Ah)
 Alphabets A to Z
 ASCII 1000001 (41h) to 1011010 (5Ah)
 Control Characters
 ASCII 0000000 (0h) to 0011111 (1Fh)
Error Detection

 Digital Systems are very Reliable


 Errors during storage or transmission
 Parity Bit
 Even Parity

 Odd Parity
Odd Parity Error Detection

 Original data 10011010


 With Odd Parity 110011010
 1-bit error 110111010
 Number of 1s even indicates 1-bit error
 2-bit error 110110010
 Number of 1s odd no error indicated
 3-bit error 100110010
 Number of 1s even indicates error

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