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CNC (computer numerical control) machines were first developed in the 1940s and 1950s and evolved with advances in computer technology. Modern CNC machines can be programmed to perform a variety of machining functions automatically according to a coded program. The key components of a CNC machine include the part program, machine control unit, drive system, machine tool, and feedback system. CNC machines offer advantages like reduced costs, improved quality control, and increased flexibility compared to conventional machine tools.

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47 views15 pages

MMMM

CNC (computer numerical control) machines were first developed in the 1940s and 1950s and evolved with advances in computer technology. Modern CNC machines can be programmed to perform a variety of machining functions automatically according to a coded program. The key components of a CNC machine include the part program, machine control unit, drive system, machine tool, and feedback system. CNC machines offer advantages like reduced costs, improved quality control, and increased flexibility compared to conventional machine tools.

Uploaded by

shayarigurunitin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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 History

• The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and


1950s by prof. john t parson.
• CNC machine came into existence after evolution of
computer around 1980.
• Modern CNC machine are improving further as the
technology in changing with a variety of functions
according to applications,
• In the early 1950s the Massachusetts institute of
techanology developed a more advanced vacuum tube
computer called whirlwind.
Numerical control machine ( NC)

advantages disadvantages

• Reduces non productive high investment coat.


• Reduces manufacturing lead time high maintenance effort.
• Greater manufacturing flexibility part programing.
• Improves quality control higher utilization of nc
equipment.
• reduced inventory
Numarical control machine (NC)

 Form of programmable
automation.
 Mechanical actions of machine
tool are controlled by program.
 The program is in form of
alphanumeric data.
 After a job is finished the
program of instructions can be
changed to process a new job.
What is a CNC machine ?
computer numarical control: conventionally
an operater decides and adjusts various machines
parameters like feed ,depth of cut etc. depending
on type of job , and controls the slide movements
by hand . In a CNC machine function and slide
movements are controlled by motors using
computer programs.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CNC MACHINE

INPUT
DEVICE

Part program
DISPLAY
MACHINE CONTROL UNIT
UNITE
• DATA PROCESSIND
UNIT
• CONTROL LOOP UNIT Position Velocity
feedback feedback
Motion data Miscellaneous
funtion FEEDBACK
DRIVICE

DRIVING
SYSTEM MACHINE TOOL
Elements of CNC machines

Elements of CNC machine tool essentially consists of the


following parts:
• Part program
• Program input device
• Machine control unit (MCQ)
• Drive system
• Machine tool
• Feedback system
Drive system

• A drive system consists of amplifier circuits, drive


motors, and ball lead –screws.

• The MCQ feeds the control signals(position and speed )


of each axis to the amplifier circuits.

• The control signals are augmented to actuate drive


motors which in turn rotate the ball lead – screws to
position the machine table.
Machine axis designation

Machine axis are designated according to the


“right hand rule”.

when the thumb of right hand points in the


direction of the positive X axis, the index finger
points toward the positive Y axis, and the middle
finger toward the positive Z axis . The main axis to
be designated are the linear axis and the rotary axis.
 Machine control unit ( MCQ)
The machine control unit ( MCQ) is the heart of a CNC system. It is used
to perform the following functions.

o To read the coded instruction.


o To decode the coded instruction.
o To implement interopolation (linear, circular, an helical ) to generate
axis motion commands.
o To feed the axis motion commands to the amplifie circuits for driving
the axis mechanisms.
o To receive the feedback signals of position an speed for each drive axis.
o To implement auxiliary control functions such a coolant or spindle
on/off and tool change.
Types of automatic tool changer

There are mainly three kinds of tool changers available in


market to the tool magazine arrangements provided.
1. Tool change system with gripper arm.

2. Tool change system with chain magazine.

3. Tool change system with disc magazine.


 PART PROGRAM
• Plate thickness = 3mm
• Feed =150 mm/min
• Speed= 1000 rpm

 No1 G21,G94,G90
 NO2 MO3,S1000,M08 G42
 NO3 G00,X0,Y0, Z5
 N04 G01,X0,Y0,Z(-5)
 N05 G01,X0,Y50, F150
 N06 G01,X10,Y60,F150
 G01= LINEAR MOTION
 N07 G01,X65,Y60,F150  G02=CLOCKWISE CIRCULAR MOTION
 G03= ANTICLOCKWISE CIRCULAR
 N08 G01,X65,Y10,F150 MOTION

 N09 G02,X55,Y0,R10,F150 G42=RIGHT SIDE MOMENT


 G41=LIFT SIDE MOMENT
 N010 G01,X0,Y0,F150  G40= CANCEL

 N011 G01,Z5,F150,M09  G21= MATRIC DATA INPUT


G94= ABSOLUTE CODINAT
 N012 G28,X0,Y0,Z0 

G90= FEED PER MIN
G28= GOING TOOL HOME POSITION
 N013 M05
 NO14 M30
 Advantages of CNC machine
 Productivity:
machine utilization is increased because more time is spent
cutting and less time is taken by positioning.reduced setup time increases
utilization too.
PROFIT inceases as COST decreases and as PRODUCTIVITY increases,

PRODUCTIVITY throught AUTOMATION

AUTOMATION:
• Helping the workers to perform their tasks more efficiently.
• Transfer of the skill of the operator to the machine .
Common types of CNC machines
• CNC Lathe machine
• CNC miling machine
• CNC drilling machine
• CNC grinding machine
• CNC laser cutting machine
• Water jet cutting machine
• Electro discharge machine

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