Decision Making / Conditional

Statements
Introduction
• Usually, the compiler executes C programs line by line in the order
that we write in our program.
• Apart from this, we might get into a situation where we have to
execute some statements repeatedly.
• For this, you can use the C Programming loops.
• But there are some situations where we have to run the statements
based on the condition.
• For that, we can use the conditional/decision making statements.
• Some common condition statements are; if, if- else, else if, nested if,
….
If Statement
• If statement in C programming is one of the most useful decision-
making statements in real-time programming.
• C If statement allows the compiler to test the condition first, and then,
depending upon the result, it will execute the statements.
• If the test condition is true, then only statements within the if
statement will be performed/executed by the C compiler.
 If Statement syntax
/ /If statement Syntax in C
if (test condition)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
Statement 3;
………….
………….
Statement n;
}
• From the above code, If the test condition in the If statement is true,
then the statements (Statement 1, Statement 2, Statement 3, …….,
Statement n) will be executed.
• Otherwise, all these statements will skip.
Example
/* If Statement in C Programming Example */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter any integer Value\n");
scanf("%d",&number);
if( number >= 1 )
{
printf("You Have Entered Positive Integer\n");
}
return 0;
}
If Statement Flow Chart
• If the test condition is true, STATEMENT 1 executed followed by
STATEMENT N.
• If the condition is False, STATEMENT N execute because it is out of
the if statement block.
Example
• /* If Statement in C Programming Example */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int number;
printf("Enter any integer Value\n");
scanf("%d",&number);
if( number >= 1 ){
printf("You Have Entered Positive Integer\n");}
printf("This Message is not coming from IF STATEMENT\n");
return 0;
}
 IF ELSE Statement in C
• The If Else statement in C Programming is an extension to the If
statement.
• We already saw the If statement, and it will only execute the
statements when the given condition is true.
• And if the condition is false, it will not execute statements.
• In the real-world, it would be nice to execute something when the
condition fails.
• To do so, If else statement used. Here, Else statement will execute the
statements when the condition fails.
 If Else statement Syntax
if (Test condition)
{
//If the condition is TRUE then these statements will be executed
True statements;
}
else
{
//If the condition is FALSE then these statements will be executed
False statements;
}
• If the test condition present in the above structure is true, the True
statements will execute.
• When the condition is false, False statements will execute.
The flow chart of the If Else Statement
Example in If Else Statement
• This program, is going to use 4 different printf statements.
• If the condition is true, it will print 2 separate statements.

• If the condition is false, Program will print another 2 statements.

• A user will be requested to enter a student score mark, and if the
marks is greater than or equal to 50 then s1, s2 will print.
• If the marks is less than 50 then s3 and s4 will print as an output.
 Else If Statement
• The Else If Statement in C is usefully while we have to test several
conditions.
• Apart from Else If Statement in C, we can utilize the Nested If
statement to accomplish the same.
• However, as the total number of conditions rises, the code
complexity will further grow.
• Else If statement in C effectively handles multiple statements by
sequentially executing them.
• If the condition result is TRUE, then the statements present in that
block will run.
• If the result is FALSE, verifies the Next one (Else If condition) and so
on.
 Else If Statement
if (condition 1)
statements 1
else if (condition 2)
statements 2
else if (condition 3)
statements 3
else if (condition n)
statements n
else
default statements
• There are some circumstances where both the condition1, condition2
are TRUE, for instance:
If we say that x= 20, y=10
Condition 1: x > y //TRUE
Condition 2: x != y //TRUE
• In these circumstances, code under the Condition1 will execute.
• Because ELSE IF conditions will only execute if it’s prior IF or ELSE IF
statement fails.
Else If Statement in C Flow chart
Else If Statement in C Example
• Program
• In this C else if program, the user is asked to enter their total six subject
marks.
• Using this Else if statement, we will decide whether the person is qualified
for scholarship or not.
Note that,
• If a total score marks >=540, a student qualify for full scholarship,
• If a total score marks >=480, a student qualify for 50% scholarship
• If a total score marks >=400, a student qualify for 10% scholarship
 Class Work (10 mns)
• Write a C program that will allow a user to enter an average marks
scored in seven subjects seated for O’level examination. Basing to
the selection criteria, If a student scored an average marks
between;
100 and 81 inclusive, a student should get grade A,
80 and 61 inclusive, a student should get grade B,
60 and 41 inclusive, a student should get grade C,
40 and 21 inclusive, a student should get grade D, other wise the
grade scored will be F.
Note that if a student got A will be given a 100% scholarship for
further studies, B will get 70% scholarship, C will get 40%
scholarship and if the grade scored is D a student qualify for 10%
scholarship.
Nested If in C Language
• Nested If in C Programming is placing If Statement inside another IF
Statement.
• Nested If in C is helpful if you want to check the condition inside a
condition.
• If Else Statement prints different statements based on the expression
result (TRUE, FALSE).
• Sometimes we have to check even further when the condition is
TRUE.
• In these situations, we can use these C Nested IF statements, but be
careful while using it.
Nested If in C Language
• For example, every person is eligible to work if he is 18 years old or
above else he is not eligible.
• However, companies will not give a job to every person.
• So, we use another IF Statement, also called as Nested If Statement in
C, to check his education qualifications or any specific company
requirements.
 Nested If Syntax
if ( test condition 1)
{
//If the test condition 1 is TRUE then these it will check for test condition 2
if ( test condition 2)
{
//If the test condition 2 is TRUE, these statements execute
Test condition 2 True statements;
}
else
{
//If the c test condition 2 is FALSE, then these statements execute
Test condition 2 False statements;
}
else
{
//If the test condition 1 is FALSE then these statements will be executed
Test condition 1 False statements;
}
Flow Chart for Nested if
Nested If
• If the Test Condition1 is FALSE, STATEMENT3 will execute.
• When Test Condition1 is TRUE, then C Programming will check for the
Test Condition2.
• If it is TRUE, STATEMENT1 will execute else STATEMENT2.
Example
• In this Nested If program, User can enter his age, and we are going to
store it in the variable age.
• If the age is less than 18, we are going to print two statements.
• If the condition fails, we will check one more condition (Nested If),
and if it succeeds, we print something.
• When the nested If the condition fails, we print some other thing.
• In our case, If the age of a person is less than 18, he/she is not eligible
to work.
• If the age is greater than or equal to 18, then the first condition fails,
it will check the else statement.
• Note that;
• In the Else statement, there is another if condition called Nested If in
C.
• In this example, the Nested IF Statement checks the person’s age if is
greater than or equal to 18 and less than or equal to 60.
• When the condition is TRUE, then he can apply for the job.
• If the condition is FALSE, then the statement – he/she is too old to
work as per the government.
Break Statement in C
• The Break statement in C Programming is very useful to exit from any
loop such as For Loop, While Loop, and Do While.
• While executing these loops, if the C compiler finds the break
statement inside them, then the loop will stop running the
statements and immediately exit from the loop.
• The C Break statement and Continue Statement statements are two
important keywords used to alter the flow of a program in any
programming language.
• Loops are useful to execute a particular block of statements for n
number of times until the test condition is false.
• There will be some situations where we have to terminate the loop
without executing all the statements.
• In these situations, we can use Break statement and Continue
statements in C programming.
• For example, we have five statements inside the loop, and we want
to exit from the loop when a certain condition is True; otherwise, it
has to execute them.
• In these situations, we can place the Break statement inside the If
condition.
• If the condition is True, the compiler will execute the break
statement
• It means the break statement will exit the controller from the loop
completely.
• Otherwise, it will run all the statements.
• Syntax: break;
Break Statement- Example
• Within this Break Statement example, We initialized the value of i as: i = 0
at the beginning of the code.
• Within the While loop, we check for the condition whether i is less than or
equal to 10 or not.
• Inside the While loop, we placed if statement to test whether i is equal to
4.
• If the condition is false, it will skip the Break statement. Next, it prints that
number as output (In Our case 0, 1, 2, 3).
• If this condition is True, the Break statement will execute.
• It means the iteration will stop at that number without printing the other
printf statement.
 Continue Statement
• The Continue statement in C Programming is another one that
controls the flow of loops.
• This C Continue statement used inside For Loop, While Loop and Do
While Loops.
• While executing these loops, if the compiler finds the continue
statement inside them, then the loop will stop the current iteration
and starts the new iteration from the beginning.
• For example, we have 10 statements inside the loop.
• And we want to skip executing the second 5 statements (statement 6
—statement 10) when a certain condition is True or else it has to
execute all the 10 statements inside the loop.
• In these situations, we place the condition after the 5th statement,
followed by this C continue statement.
• If the condition is True, then it will stop executing statements 6 to 10.
Otherwise, it will execute statements 1 to 10.
• The syntax of the Continue Statement in C Programming is
continue;
• /* Continue Statement in C Programming example */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, number;
printf("\n Please Enter any integer\n");
scanf("%d", &number);
for(i=1;i<= number; i++)
{
if(i%2 != 0)
{
printf("\n Odd Numbers = %d(Skipped By Continue)\n",i);
continue;
}
printf("\n Even numbers = %d\n",i);
}
}
• Here we have for loop within the continue statement.
• Inside the for loop, we placed If Statement to test whether (i%2 != 0).
• If this condition is True, the continue statement will execute, and the
iteration will stop at that number without printing the other printf
statement: printf(“\n Even numbers = %d\n”, i).
• If the condition is false, it skips the continue statement and prints
that number as output (In Our case Even Number)
Continue Statement inside While Loop
Example
• The continue Statement inside while loop is the same as the we have
seen continue statement inside the for loop. However here, we
replace the for loop with a while loop.
/* Continue Statement in C Programming example */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=0;
while (i<= 10)
{
if (i== 5 || i == 9)
{
printf("Skipped Values = %d\n", i);
i++;
continue;
}
printf("Values = %d\n", i);
i++;
}
return 0;
}
• Inside the While loop, we placed If Statement to test whether i is
equal to 5 or 9.
• If this condition is True, the continue statement will run, and the
iteration will stop at that number without printing the other printf
statement: printf(“Values are: %d “, i);.
• If the condition is false, then it will skip the continue statement and
prints that number as output (In Our case 0,1,2,3,4,6,7,8,10)
 Goto Statement
• The goto statement in C Programming is useful to alter the flow of a
program.
• When the compiler reaches the goto statement, then it will jump
unconditionally ( both forward and backward ) to the location
specified in the goto statement (we called it as a label).
• Unlike the Break and Continue Statement, the goto statement in C
doesn’t require any If Statements to perform.
Goto Statement Syntax
• The label specified after the goto statement in C Programming is the
location where we place the statements to execute.
• From the below syntax, you can note that we can place the label
anywhere in the program.
• It doesn’t matter if you put before the goto statement or after.
Example
• This program for c goto allows the user to enter his/her individual
subject marks.
• Next, it will check whether the person is pass or fail using Goto
Statement.
• Goto Statement program example
• If the condition is TRUE, C Goto statement inside the If block will take the
compiler to the Pass label and executed the statements inside the Pass label
• Else (If the condition is FALSE), then Goto statement inside the Else block will
take the compiler to the Fail label.
• Next, it executes the statements inside the Fail label.
Switch Case in C
• If Else in C allows us to choose between TRUE or FALSE, when there
are more than two options, we use Nested If.
• Say, What if we have ten alternatives to choose?, if we use Nested If,
in this situation, the programming logic will be difficult to understand.
• In C Programming, Else if statement and Switch statements can
handle these types of problems effectively.
• The working functionality of the switch case in C is almost the same
as if condition.
• The Switch statement may have n number of cases. So, the switch
case compares the expression value with the values assigned in the
case statements.
• If both the values expression value and case value match, then
statements present in that case statement will execute.
Syntax of Switch
• The value of expression should be either integer or characters (We
can write the expression as n/2…. also, but the result should be an
integer).
• Option 1, Option 2…… are constants.
• C Switch case allows us to add a default statement.
• If the variable value is not matching with any of the case statements,
the code present in the default will execute.
• A break is useful to come out from the switch statement.
• Otherwise, all the statements in the C switch condition will execute.
• Whenever a Break Statement encountered, the execution flow would
directly come out of the switch.
Flow Chart for Switch Case
Switch Case Example
• This program allows the user to enter two integer values.
• Next, it also allows them to select any Arithmetic Operator to
perform arithmetic operations using the Switch Case.
• The case statement operate inside the single quotation (‘ ’).