Array
Data Structure
Prof. Vaibhav P Mujmule
Department of Computer Science
S. M. D. Bharati Mahavidyalay, Arni
1
Data Structure vs Storage Structure
• Data Structure : The logical or
mathematical model of a particular
organization of data
• Storage Structure :
Representation of a particular data
structure in the memory of a
computer
• There are many possible storage
structure to a particular data
structure
Ex: there are a number of storage
structure for a data structure
such as array
It is possible for two DS to
represented by the same storage
structure 2
Classification
Data Structure
Linear
Non-Linear
A Data structure is
said to be linear if its
elements from a
sequence or in other
words form a linear
list
3
Representation in Memory
Two basic representation
in memory
Have a linear
relationship between the
elements represented by
means of sequential
memory locations
[ Arrays]
Have the linear
relationship between the
elements represented by
means of pointer or
links [ Linked List]
4
Operation on Linear Structure
Traversal : Processing each element in the list
Search : Finding the location of the element with a
given value or the record with a given key
Insertion: Adding a new element to the list
Deletion: Removing an elements from the list
Sorting : Arranging the elements in some type of order
Merging : Combining two list into a single list
5
Array
6
Linear Arrays
A linear array is a list of a
finite number of n
homogeneous data elements
( that is data elements of the
same type) such that
The elements are of the
arrays are referenced
respectively by an index set
consisting of n consecutive
numbers
The elements of the arrays
are stored respectively in
successive memory locations
7
Linear Arrays
The number n of elements is
called the length or size of
the array.
The index set consists of the
integer 1, 2, … n
Length or the number of data
elements of the array can be
obtained from the index set
by
Length = UB – LB + 1 where
UB is the largest index called
the upper bound and LB is
the smallest index called the
lower bound of the arrays
8
Linear Arrays
Element of an array A may be denoted by
Subscript notation A1, A2, , …. , An
Parenthesis notation A(1), A(2), …. , A(n)
Bracket notation A[1], A[2], ….. , A[n]
The number K in A[K] is called subscript
or an index and A[K] is called a
subscripted variable
9
Representation of Linear Array in Memory
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
:
Computer Memory
10
Representation of Linear Array in Memory
Let LA be a linear array in the memory of the computer
LOC(LA[K]) = address of the element LA[K] of the
array LA
The element of LA are stored in the successive memory
cells
Computer does not need to keep track of the address
of every element of LA, but need to track only the
address of the first element of the array denoted by
Base(LA) called the base address of LA
11
Representation of Linear Array in Memory
LOC(LA[K]) = Base(LA) + w(K – lower bound) where w
is the number of words per memory cell of the array LA
[w is aka size of the data type]
12
Example 1
200 LA[1]
Find the address for LA[6] 201 LA[2]
Each element of the array
202 LA[3]
occupy 1 byte
203 LA[4]
204 LA[5]
205 LA[6]
206 LA[7]
207 LA[8]
LOC(LA[K]) = Base(LA) + w(K – lower bound) :
LOC(LA[6]) = 200 + 1(6 – 1) = 205 13
Example 2
200
Find the address for LA[16] LA[1]
201
Each element of the array
202
occupy 2 byte LA[2]
203
204
LA[3]
205
206
LA[4]
207
LOC(LA[K]) = Base(LA) + w(K – lower bound) :
LOC(LA[16]) = 200 + 2(16 – 1) = 230 14
Representation of Linear Array in Memory
Given any value of K, time to calculate LOC(LA[K]) is
same
Given any subscript K one can access and locate the
content of LA[K] without scanning any other element
of LA
A collection A of data element is said to be index if any
element of A called Ak can be located and processed in
time that is independent of K
15
Traversing Linear Arrays
Traversing is accessing and processing (aka visiting )
each element of the data structure exactly ones
Linear Array
•••
16
Traversing Linear Arrays
Traversing is accessing and processing (aka visiting )
each element of the data structure exactly ones
Linear Array
•••
17
Traversing Linear Arrays
Traversing is accessing and processing (aka visiting )
each element of the data structure exactly ones
Linear Array
•••
18
Traversing Linear Arrays
Traversing is accessing and processing (aka visiting )
each element of the data structure exactly ones
Linear Array
•••
19
Traversing Linear Arrays
Traversing is accessing and processing (aka visiting )
each element of the data structure exactly ones
Linear Array
•••
20
Traversing Linear Arrays
Traversing is accessing and processing (aka visiting )
each element of the data structure exactly ones
Linear Array
•••
21
Traversing Linear Arrays
Traversing is accessing and processing (aka visiting )
each element of the data structure exactly ones
Linear Array
•••
1. Repeat for K = LB to UB
Apply PROCESS to LA[K]
[End of Loop] 22
2. Exit
Inserting and Deleting
Insertion: Adding an element
Beginning
Middle
End
Deletion: Removing an element
Beginning
Middle
End
23
Insertion
1 Brown 1 Brown
2 Davis 2 Davis
3 Johnson 3 Johnson
4 Smith 4 Smith
5 Wagner 5 Wagner
6 6 Ford
7 7
8 8
Insert Ford at the End of Array
24
Insertion
1 Brown 1 Brown 1 Brown 1 Brown
2 Davis 2 Davis 2 Davis 2 Davis
3 Johnson 3 Johnson 3 Johnson 3 Ford
4 Smith 4 Smith 4 4 Johnson
5 Wagner 5 5 Smith 5 Smith
6 6 Wagner 6 Wagner 6 Wagner
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
Insert Ford as the 3rd Element of Array
Insertion is not Possible without loss of
data if the array is FULL 25
Deletion
1 Brown 1 Brown
2 Davis 2 Davis
3 Ford 3 Ford
4 Johnson 4 Johnson
5 Smith 5 Smith
6 Taylor 6 Taylor
7 Wagner 7
8 8
Deletion of Wagner at the End of Array
26
Deletion
1 Brown 1 Brown 1 Brown
1 Brown
2 Davis 2 2 Ford
2 Ford
3 Ford 3 Ford 3
3 Johnson
4 Johnson 4 Johnson 4 Johnson
4
5 Smith 5 Smith 5 Smith
5 Smith
6 Taylor 6 Taylor 6 Taylor
6 Taylor
7 Wagner 7 Wagner 7 Wagner
7 Wagner
8 8 8
8
Deletion of Davis from the Array
27
Deletion
1 Brown
2 Ford
3 Johnson
4 Smith
5 Taylor
6 Wagner
7
8
No data item can be deleted from an empty
array
28
Insertion Algorithm
[LA is a linear array with N elements
INSERT (LA, N , K , ITEM)
and K is a positive integers such that K ≤ N. This
algorithm insert an element ITEM into the Kth position in
LA ]
1. [Initialize Counter] Set J := N
2. Repeat Steps 3 and 4 while J ≥ K
3. [Move the Jth element downward ] Set LA[J + 1]
:= LA[J]
4. [Decrease Counter] Set J := J -1
5 [Insert Element] Set LA[K] := ITEM
6. [Reset N] Set N := N +1;
7. Exit 29
Deletion Algorithm
[LA is a linear array with N
DELETE (LA, N , K , ITEM)
elements and K is a positive integers such that K ≤ N.
This algorithm deletes Kth element from LA ]
1. Set ITEM := LA[K]
2. Repeat for J = K to N -1:
[Move the J + 1st element upward] Set LA[J] :=
LA[J + 1]
3. [Reset the number N of elements] Set N := N - 1;
4. Exit
30
Multidimensional Array
One-Dimensional Array
Two-Dimensional Array
Three-Dimensional Array
Some programming Language allows as many as 7
dimension
31
Two-Dimensional Array
A Two-Dimensional m x n array A
is a collection of m . n data
elements such that each element
is specified by a pair of integer
(such as J, K) called subscript
with property that
1 ≤ J ≤ m and 1 ≤ K ≤ n
The element of A with first subscript
J and second subscript K will be
denoted by AJ,K or A[J][K]
32
2D Arrays
The elements of a 2-dimensional array a is shown as below
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3]
a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3]
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]
Rows Of A 2D Array
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] row 0
a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] row 1
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3] row 2
Columns Of A 2D Array
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3]
a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3]
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]
column 0 column 1 column 2 column 3
2D Arrays
Let A be a two-dimensional array m x n
The array A will be represented in the memory by a
block of m x n sequential memory location
Programming language will store array A either
Column by Column (Called Column-Major Order) Ex:
Fortran, MATLAB
Row by Row (Called Row-Major Order) Ex: C, C++ , Java
36
2D Array in Memory
A Subscript A Subscript
(1,1) (1,1)
(2,1) (1,2)
Column 1 Row 1
(3,1) (1,3)
(1,2) (1,4)
(2,2) Column 2 (2,1)
(3,2) (2,2)
(1,3) Row 2
(2,3)
(2,3) Column 3 (2,4)
(3,3) (3,1)
(1,4) (3,2) Row 3
(2,4) Column 4 (3,3)
(3,4) (3,4)
37
Column-Major Order Row-Major Order
2D Array
LOC(LA[K]) = Base(LA) + w(K -1)
LOC(A[J,K]) of A[m,n]
Column-Major Order
LOC(A[J,K]) = Base(A) + w[m(K-1) + (J-1)]
Row-Major Order
LOC(A[J,K]) = Base(A) + w[n(J-1) + (K-1)]
38
2D Array Example
Consider a 25 x 4 array A. Suppose the Base(A) = 200
and w =4. Suppose the programming store 2D array
using row-major. Compute LOC(A[12,3])
• LOC(A[J,K]) = Base(A) + w[n(J-1) + (K-1)]
LOC(A[12,3]) = 200 + 4[4(12-1) + (3 -1)]
= 384
39
Multidimensional Array
An n-dimensional m1 x m2 x …. X mn array B is a
collection of m1.m2…mn data elements in which each
element is specified by a list of n integers – such as K1,
K2, …., Kn – called subscript with the property that
1≤K1≤m1, 1≤K2≤m2, …. 1≤Kn≤mn
The Element B with subscript K1, K2, …,Kn will be denoted
by
BK1,K2, …,Kn or B[K1,K2,….,Kn]
40
Multidimensional Array
Let C be a n-dimensional array
Length Li of dimension i of C is the number of elements
in the index set
Li = UB – LB + 1
For a given subscript Ki, the effective index Ei of Li is
the number of indices preceding Ki in the index set
Ei = Ki – LB
41
Multidimensional Array
Address LOC(C[K1,K2, …., Kn]) of an arbitrary element of C can
be obtained as
Column-Major Order
Base( C) + w[((( … (ENLN-1 + EN-1)LN-2) + …..
+E3)L2+E2)L1+E1]
Row-Major Order
Base( C) + w[(… ((E1L2 + E2)L3 + E3)L4 + ….. +EN-1)LN
+EN]
42
Example
MAZE(2:8, -4:1, 6:10)
Calculate the address of MAZE[5,-1,8]
Given: Base(MAZE) = 200, w = 4, MAZE is stored in Row-
Major order
L1 = 8-2+1 = 7, L2 = 6, L3 = 5
E1 = 5 -2 = 3, E2 = 3, E3 = 2
43
Example Contd ..
Base( C) + w[(… ((E1L2 + E2)L3 + E3)L4 + ….. +EN-1)LN +EN]
E1L2 = 3 . 6 = 18
E1L2 + E2 = 18 + 3 = 21
(E1L2 + E2)L3 = 21 . 5 = 105
(E1L2+E2)L3 + E3 = 105 + 2 = 107
MAZE[5,-1,8] = 200 + 4(107) = 200 + 248 = 628
44
Pointer, Pointer Array
Let DATA be any array
A variable P is called a pointer if P points to an element
in DATA i.e if P contains the address of an element in
DATA
An array PTR is called a pointer array if each element of
PTR is a pointer
45
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Evan Conrad Davis Baker
Harris Felt Segal Cooper
Two Dimensional
Lewis Glass Ford 4x9 or 9x4 array
Shaw Hill Gray
Penn Jones
Silver Reed
Troy
Wagner
King
46
1 Evan
2 Harris
3 Lewis Group 1
4 Shaw
5 Conrad
: :
Group 2
13 Wagner
14 Davis
15 Segal Group 3
16 Baker
: :
Group 4
21 Reed
47
1 Evan
: :
Group 1
4 Shaw
5 $$$
6 Conrad
Group are not index
: :
14 Wagner
Group 2 in this
representation
15 $$$
16 Davis
17 Segal
18 $$$ Group 3
19 Baker
: :
24 Reed
25 $$$
Group 4 48
1 Evan
2 Harris Group 1
Group
3 Lewis
1 1 4 Shaw
2 5
5 Conrad
3 14
: : Group 2
4 16
5 22 13 Wagner
14 Davis
Group 3
15 Segal
16 Baker
: : Group 4
21 Reed
22 $$$ 49
