Energy Changes in

Chemical Reactions

RYAN A. PERALTA
 Objectives:
At the end of the lesson you will be able to;
 Explain First Law of Thermodynmaics
 Explain Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction
 Define Enthalpy
 Explain Enthalpy formation and enthalpy change
 Thermochemistry
The study of the energy changes that occur
during chemical reactions & changes of state.
THERMOCHEMISTRY

Law of Conservation of Energy

- states that in any chemical or physical process,
Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
ENVIRONMENT

Heat------
Work------ SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT U= + 20 J

Internal Energy = gains 20

Joules

Envrionment = loses 20
Joules
20 Joules------ SYSTEM
Type of System:
Open system - is one wherein transfer of matter and
energy occurs between the system and surroundings. The
system interacts with the surroundings.
Closed system - only energy can transfer between the
system and surroundings.
Isolated system - matter and energy cannot transfer
between the system and surroundings.
Internal Energy
 equation for change in Internal energy is the sum of heat and
work.

E=q+w

E = change of internal energy

q = heat
w = work
W= negative work is performed by the system

W= positive , work is performed by the environment

q= negative – when the system releases heat Exothermic)

q= positive , when system absobrbs heat. ( endothermic)

Sample Problem
Determine the change in the internal enegy of a
system if 25 Joules of heat energy is absorbed by
the system and if 35 work of Joules is done on the
system

Endothermic Process
• 25 JOULES ABSROBED BY THE
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
• 35 JOULES WORK DONE
(+ 60 JOULES) SOLUTION:
ON THE SYSTEM

E=q+w
= 25 J + 35 J
- 60 JOULES ENVIRONMENT
= 60 J
Sample Problem. 2
Find the internal energy of the system if the system
releases 200 J of heat and 100 J of work is done by
the system.
 • 200 JOULES released BY THE
SYSTEM

SYSTEM
• 100 JOULES WORK
-300 JOULES) DONE by THE SYSTEM

SOLUTION:

E=q+w
+300 JOULES ENVIRONMENT
= - 200J + -100 J
= -300 J
Sample Problem 3
Calculate the internal energy of the system if the
surroundings gain 400 Joules of heat energy and if
650 Joules of work is done by the surroundings
 Sample Problem 3
Calculate the internal energy of the system if the
surroundings gain 400 Joules of heat energy and if
650 Joules of work is done by the surroundings

SOLUTION: q = -400 Joules Heat

w = +650
Joules work
E=q+w
= - 400J + 650 J
= +250 J
 Endothermicc vs Exothermic

 Endothermic
Exothermic
- systems gain heat - system loses heat
-H>0 -H<0

- cold to touch - Hot to touch

-breaking bond -Bond forming

- Fusion/Melting, - Freezing, Condensation,

Deposition
Sublimation
vaporization
STANDARD STATES AND STAND
ENTHALPY CHANGES
 Enthalpy, symbolized by the letter H, is a thermodynamic
property that represents the total energy content of a
system. It is defined as the sum of a system's internal
energy (U) and the product of its pressure (P) and volume
(V):
H = U + PV
 Work is often unimportant
Internal Energy

E=q+w

q = heat energy
w= work
H= Enthalpy is all about heat that is being
absorbed/ released
Δ H = E + PV E = q +w

Work = - PΔV
=q + w -w

=q
Standard States and Standard Ethalpy
Changes

Sea level = 0 meters

Burj Khalifa = 828 meters
Standard for Enthalpy

Standard State
Standard Enthalpy Change (ΔH)
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Standard States:

 Depends on which states of matter the substance exists

-ex. Gas, pure gas 1 atm

Liquid and Solid, pure substance in its stable form at the

temperature of interest of 25 Celsius

A substance in solution – concentration at 1 M

Standard Enthalpy Change (ΔH)

 The enthalpy change for a reaction in which

all reactants and products are in their standard
states
Standard Enthalpy of Formation (ΔH)f

 For
a pure compound, Enthalpy change when 1
mole of the compound is formed from its
constituents elements in their standard states

 For Pure Element , in its standard state , the (ΔH)f

is equal to zero
Sample Problem:

Write the equation with elements in C3H8 in

their standard states as the reactants and 1 mole
of C3H8 as the product. Include the value of
(ΔH)f
Write the equation with elements in C3H8 in
their standard states as the reactants and 1 mole
of C3H8 as the product. Include the value of
(ΔH)f

3C + 4H2 ------- C3H8

-103.85 kJ/mol
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction

- It is the enthalpy change given off

or absorved by a chemical reaction
under standard condition
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction

 Hrxn = Σ np (ΔH)f( Products) - Σ nr (ΔH)f( Reactants)

Σ summation of
 Np coefficient of the product
 Nr coefficient of the reactant
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Caculate the values of Enthalpy formation for the
following chemical reactions:

1. Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 ---- CaSO4 + H3PO4

Solutions:

1. Balance the reaction

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 ---- 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4

2. Multiply Coefficient with Enthalpy values (refer to the table)

Hrxn = nHf (Product) – nHf (Solutions)

Hrxn = 3 (-1434.5) + 2 (-1271.7) - 1(-4120.8. + 3 (-811.3)

Hrxn = 292. 2 KJ
 What is Heat,Q?

The energy transferred between a system

and surroundings due to difference in their
temperatures.
Thermal energy
All changes that matter undergoes, whether
physical or chemical, occur with a loss or gain
of energy.
Energy Transformation
SYSTEM - is a part of the universe on which you
focus your attention.
SURROUNDINGS - The part of the universe
outside the system separated by a boundary.
UNIVERSE - it makes up the system and
surroundings together.
 Thermal Processes
Exothermic Endothermic
Released Absorption of energy
of energy or
energy is being
produced Example:
Example: Photosynthesis
Burning of butane
 Determine which of the following processes are
endothermic or exothermic.

1. Cutting of paper
2. Rotation of the blades of an electric fan
3. Decomposition of waste in a compost heap
4. Burning of wood
5. Melting of Ice
6. Freezing of water
End of Energy Changes in Chemical
Reactions

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THERMODYN
AMICS
 Thermodynamics
The study of the relationship between Heat
and other forms of energy,particularly the
transfer of heat into work.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics quantities consist of 2 parts:
 Number - giving the magnitude of the
change
 Sign - indicating the direction of the flow
Joule (J) is the fundmental SI unit for energy:

1KJ = 103 J

1 J = Kg.m2
s2
Work
Work, W is defined as the forced applied over a given distance. It is
the energy transfer between a system and the surroundings due to a
force acting through a distance
ASSIGNED CONVENTIONN FOR Work, W

System does work on the -W EXPANSION

surroundings

Surroundings do work on the +W COMPRESSIO

system N
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNMICS

Law of conservation of energy

“energy cannot be created or destroyed but can
simply be converted to other forms of energy”
 Internal Energy (E)
 is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy found in
the system. The change in the energy of the system can be
determined by getting the difference between the final and
inital energy values.
E = Efinal - Einitial
Positive E Negative E
 Endothermic reaction  Exothermic reaction

Positive q ( +q ) Negative q (-q )

 Heat absorbed by the system  Heat is evolved or released by
the system
Positive w ( +w )
 The surroundings perform the
Negative w ( -w )
work on the system.  The system performs the work
on its surroundings
Diathermic system - boundary that permits energy transfer
as heat.

Adiabatic system - boundary that does not permit heat

transfer, E = w
 Sample Problem:
A system recieves 450 kJ of heat from its surroundings and the
surroundings do 50 kJ of work on the system. What is the change
in internal energy?
Solution:
E=Q+W
= 450 kJ + 50 kJ
E = 500 kJ
Sample Problem:
1. A system absorbs 50J of heat during a transformation.
Determine the change in internal energy if the system
performs: (a) 15J and (b) 65J of work on the surrounding.
2. A gas releases 35 J of heat as 84 J of work
was done to compress it.
3. A gas absorbs 48 J of heat as it does 72 J of
work by expanding.
End of First Law of Thermodynamics

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Enthalpy
Objective/s:
At the end of the lesson, we will be able to;
 Solve problems on the first law of thermodynamics
 explain the enthalpy of a reaction.
CALORIMETRY
Objective/s:
At the end of the lesson, we will be able to;
 Explain the principle involved in the experimental
method for the determination of heats of reaction.
 Determine the heat of a reaction experimentally.
CALORIMETRY

Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat based on

the change in temperature of an observed body when it
releases or absorbs heat.
HEAT CAPACITY (C)
Heat Capacity, C is defined as the amount of heat
necessary to increase the temperature of a substance
by 1oC
formula: C= Q
T
where; C = heat capacity
Q = heat absorbed
T = increase in Temp.
SPECIFIC HEAT
 Specific Heat, c,is the heat capacity per gram of substance.It
is equal to the heat capacity over the mass of the substance.

c = heat capacity
mass of substance
Formula of Specific Heat:
Q = mc T
Specific Heat

Q = mc T

where; Q = heat transferred

m = mass of the substance
T = change in temp.
 Sample Problem:

A 500 gram cube of Lead is heated from 25oC to 75oC.

How much energy was required to heat the lead? The
specific heat of lead is 0.129 J/goC
Given: m = 500 grams
c = 0.129 J/goC
T = (Tfinal - Tinitial) = (75 oC - 25 oC)

= 50 oC
Cont.
Formula: Q = mc T

Solution: Q = (500 g)(0.129 J/goC)(50oC)

= 3,225 J
Sample Problem:
A hot 1.0 kg chunk of Copper is allowed to cool to 100.0 oC.
If the copper gave off 231 KJ of energy, what was the initial
temperature of the coppper? The specific heat of copper is
0.385 J/goC.
Given: m = 1.0 Kg = 1000 grams
Tfinal = 100 oC
Q = -231 KJ (it’s negative bec. the copper is losing
energy)
c = 0.385 J/goC
Conversion:
-231 KJ x 1000 J = -231,000 J

1KJ
Formula: Q = mc T
Solution:
-231,000J = (1000g)(0.385 J/g.C)(T)
-231,000J = (385 J/C)(T)
-231,000J = T
385 J/C
-600C = T
 T = (Tfinal - Tinitial)

-600oC = 100oC - Tinitial

-600oC - 100oC = - Tinitial
-700oC = -Tinitial
-1 -1
700oC = Tinitial

The initial temperature of the copper chunk was 700 oC.

Exercise 1.1:
A 25 -gram metal ball is heated 200 oC with 2,300
Joules of energy. What is the specific heat of the metal?
Q = mc T
m = 25g
Q= 2300 J
T= 200-0
c= ?
Q = mcT
mT mT

Q/mT = c
2300J / (25 g)(200C)
Answer:

c = 0.466 J/goC
Specific heat

Calorimeter - the apparatus which determine the heat

flow.

TWO MAIN TYPES OF CALORIMETER

 Constant-pressure calorimeter
 Constant -volume (bomb) calorimeter
An example of a constant - pressure
calorimeter is the coffee-cup calorimeter.
For this system, heat, Q is equal to H because
the pressure is constant (1atm) since the
calorimeter is not sealed. The heat from the
reaction is completely absorbed by the solution
assuming that the calorimeter itself does not
absorb heat.
Cont.
The value should be positive since the reaction produces
het which is then absorbed by the solution.Therefore,

-Qreaction = Qsolution
Sample Problem on coffee-cup calorimeter

A 10-g solid was heated in a test tube to 100 oC in boiling water

and added to the coffee cup calorimeter with 50 g of water. The
water temp. increased from 25.1 oC to 28.5oC. What is the
specific heat of the solid?
 Solution:
Since it is a coffee-cupcalorimeter;

-Qsolid = QH2O

We can rewrite this eqn. as:

-msolid csolid (Tfinal-Tinitial)solid = mH2O cH2O (Tfinal-Tinitial)H2O
-msolid csolid (Tfinal-Tinitial)solid = mH2O cH2O (Tfinal-Tinitial)H2O

First, compute the specific heat of the solid, csolid

csolid = mH2O cH2O (Tfinal-Tinitial)H2O

-msolid (Tfinal-Tinitial)solid
cH2O = 4.184 J/g.K
Ti,solid = 100oC -> 373.15 K
Ti,H2O = 25.1oC -> 298.25 K
Tf,H2O,solid = 28.5 oC -> 301.65 K

csolid = (50 g)(4.184 J/g.K)(301.65 K - 298.25 K)

-(10 g)( 301.65 K -373.15 K)
csolid = 0.995 J/g.K
A bomb calorimeter or constant -
volume calorimeter is used to
study combustion reactions. The
system is the content of the bomb
caorimeter - that is reactants and
products. Water is also important
component of a bomb calorimeter.
Combustion - is a chemical process by which an organic
compound reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and
water, and release energy in the form of heat.

heat of combustion - is the amount of heat produced. It can be

measured experimentally using a calorimeter.
 Qreaction + Qwater + Qcal = 0

From here,
Qreaction = - ( Qwater + Qcal )
Using the specific heat of water (H2O) and heat capacity
of the calorimeter:

Qrxn = -[(MH2OCH2O T) + Ccal T]

A 1.00 g sample of octane (C8H18)was burned in a bomb
calorimeter with 1300 g of water (H2O). The temperature
increases from 25oC to 34.10oC. Calculate the heat of
combustion of octane in KJ/mol if the heat capacity of
the calorimeteris 890 J/oC, and the specific heat of water
is 4.184 J/goC.
Solution:
a.)Calculating the heat absorbed by the water, Q H2O
mass of H2O,m = 1300 g
specific heat of H2O, c = 4.184 J/goC
change in temp., T = 34.10oC - 25.00oC = 9.10oC

QH2O = mc T
= (1300 g)(4.184 J/goC)(9.10oC)
= 49,497 J or 49.50 KJ
b.) Calculating the heat absorbed by the calorimeter, Q cal
Ccal = 890 J/oC
T = 9.10oC

Qcal = (890 J/oC)(9.10oC)

= 8099 J or 8.10 KJ
c.) Determine the total heat absorbed by the water and the
calorimeter by getting their sum.

Qrxn = 49.50 KJ + 8.10 KJ

= +57.6 KJ

change the sign.Therefore,

Qrxn = -57.6 KJ
the heat of combustion for octane octane is equal to -57.6 KJ
when 1.0 g of it was burned.
To determine the heat of combustion of octane in KJ/mol,

heat of combustion of C8H18 = (-57.6 KJ/g)(114 g/mol)

= -6566 KJ/mol
Evaluating Change in
Enthalpy
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
 Calculate the change in enthalpy and change in internal
energy for a chemical reaction
 Determine the change in enthalpy of a chemical
reaction using enthalpies of formation
Enthalpy ( H)
Is equal to the amount of heat flow in a system
with a constant pressure, Qp, because E = Qp + W
and W = -P V, it is expressed as

Qp = H = E + PV
Enthalpy

The heat of a reaction is said to be equal to the

enthalpy of the reaction.

H= E
 ENTHALPY SIGN CONVENTION

REACTION TYPE SIGN

EXOTHERMIC H<0 , (-)

ENDOTHERMIC H>0 , (+)

 Enthalpy
The total heat absorbed in a process at constant pressure if
the only work done is pressure- volume work.
Ho reaction = ∑ {ni ( Hf, )i }products - ∑ {ni ( Hf, )i }reactants
Sample Problem:
1. Determine the standard heat of reaction involved
in the formation of sugar from carbon dioxide and
water at constant pressure.
2. Calculate the standard heat of combustion of
methane gas, CH4 (g) at constant pressure.
 End of Slide

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